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HARVARD UNIVERSITY, 



A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, 

HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS 

DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. 



By frank BOLLES, 
Secretaky of Harvard University 



SECOND ANNUAL EDITION, 



CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY. 

1892. 



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HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 



A BRIEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, 

HOW IT MAY BE ENTERED AND HOW ITS 

DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. 



By frank BOLLES, 

Secretary of Harvard University 



SECOND ANNUAL EDITION. 



CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 

PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 

1892. 



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PEEFATORY NOTE. 

This descriptive statement is designed to answer, in a less formal 
way than the annual Catalogue answers them, many of the questions 
which the intelligent public ask concerning Harvard University and 
its ways and means. 

FRANK BOLLES, 

Cambridge, February, 1892. 



NEW YOkXr PUBL, LIBR 
IN fiXCHANGK. 



HARVAED UNIVERSITY. 

A PBTEF STATEMENT OF WHAT HARVARD UNIVERSITY IS, HOW IT MAY 
BE ENTERED, AND HOW ITS DEGREES MAY BE OBTAINED. 



Harvard College is the oldest of American institutions of learning, 
having been founded in 1636. What is now known as Harvard Uni- 
versit}' includes the College, the Scientific School, the Graduate School, 
and six Professional Schools. 

The College, Graduate School, and the Divinity, Law, and Scien- 
tific Schools are situated in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a city of 
over 70,000 inhabitants. The Medical School, the Dental School, 
the School of Veterinary Medicine, and the Bussey Institution (a 
school of Agriculture and Horticulture) are situated in Boston, 
a city of about 450,000 inhabitants. The two cities are connected 
by steam, electric, and horse railways, and are separated by the 
Charles River. The distance from the College buildings to the busi- 
ness centre of Boston is three miles. 

The University is governed primarily by two Boards, the Corpora- 
tion and the Overseers. The Corporation (of which the legal title is 
the President and Fellows of Harvard College) consists of the Presi- 
dent, Treasurer, and five Fellows, all of whom hold office for life. 
In it is vested the title to the property of the University, estimated 
to be worth between eleven and twelve million dollars. The Over- 
seers number thirty-two, including the President and Treasurer of 
the University, who are ex officio members. Five of the Overseers 
go out of office each year, their places being filled on Commencement 
Day by an election in which alumni of the College of five years stand- 
ing. Masters of Arts, and holders of honorar^^ degrees from the 
University are entitled to vote, if present in person. 

The principal administrative officers of the University are the 
President, the Treasurer, the Deans of the various Faculties, Schools, 
and Administrative Boards ; the Bursar, and the Secretary-. The 
President is the presiding officer of the Corporation and of each 
of the Faculties, and he exercises a general superintendence over 
all the manifold concerns of the institution. The Treasurer is the 
custodian of the property of the University, makes its investments, 
and keeps its financial accounts. The Deans conduct the business 
of their several Faculties or Administrative Boards. The Bursar is 



the Treasurer's agent in dealing with students in renting rooms, 
settling term bills, and similar matters. The Secretary conducts the 
correspondence of the University. 

The College, Scientific School, and Graduate School are under 
the control of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, from which are ap- 
pointed three executive committees, called Administrative Boards, 
each of which has its Dean, and by which the College, the Scientific 
School, and the Graduate School are severally governed. 

Each Professional School has a separate Faculty, composed of all 
its professors and other teachers holding appointments for more than 
one year. 

The degrees conferred by the various departments are eleven in 
number, as follows : — 

By the Faculty of Arts and Sciences : Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor 
of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of 
Science. 

By the Faculty of the Divinity School : Bachelor of Divinity. 

By the Faculty of the Law School : Bachelor of Laws. 

By the Faculty of the Medical School : Doctor of Medicine. 

By the Faculty of the Dental School : Doctor of Dental Medicine. 

By the Faculty of the Veterinary School : Doctor of Veterinary 
Medicine. 

By the Faculty of the Bussey Institution : Bachelor of Agricultural 
Science. 

The degree of Master of Arts is given with the professional degree 
to graduates with higli credit of the Divinity, Law, and Medical 
Schools who are also graduates of Harvard College or whose pre- 
vious training has been recognized by the Faculty of Arts and 
Sciences as equivalent to that of a Harvard Bachelor of Arts. 

The honorar}'' degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Divinity, and 
Doctor of Laws are occasionally conferred upon eminent persons 
selected by the Corporation and approved by the Overseers. 

The roll of graduates of the University includes the names of nearly 
18,000 men, of whom about one half are supposed to be living. 

The libraries of the University contain about 400,000 bound volumes 
and an approximately equal number of pamphlets. Students are 
charged no fees for the use of books. Ample endowments make it 
possible for teachers to have books of reference needed for the in- 
struction of their classes purchased by the Library. 

In addition to the various departments already named, the Univer- 
sity has several other important branches which will be described 
subsequently. These are the Astronomical Observatory, the Univer- 
sity Museum, including the Museum of Comparative Zoology and 



its Natural History Laboratories, the BotaDical aud Miueralogical 
Museums, the Peabod}^ Museum of American Archaeology and Eth- 
nology, the Semitic Museum, the Anatomical Museum, the Botanic 
Garden, the Herbarium, the Arnold Arboretum, the Chemical Labora- 
tor}", the Jefferson Physical Laborator}', and the Veterinary Hospital. 
The Hemenway G3'mnasiuni is for the use of the whole University. 
The University Chapel, seating 900 persons, is controlled by the 
Preachers to the University, who are ordained ministers representing 
different Protestant denominations. The Harvard Dining Associa- 
tion, occupying the great dining hall in Memorial Hall, is a voluntar}' 
association which provides about 1000 officers and students with a 
good quality of board at cost price, usually about 8-1 a week. The 
Harvard Cooperative Society is . a voluntary association of officers 
and students which supplies members of the University with books, 
stationers' materials, fancy articles, men's furnishing goods, and a 
great variety of miscellaneous articles. Its annual sales amount to 
over $70,000. The Foxcroft Club is a third association of a cooper- 
ative character composed largely of students living at home or at a dis- 
tance from the College buildings. It has study rooms, lunch rooms, 
a consulting library, and other conveniences adapted to the needs of 
non-resident students. Meals are supplied at cost by the card, and 
the average expenditure per man is less than three dollars a week. 
These three associations are managed by boards of directors chosen 
by ballot from among the officers and students of the various depart- 
ments of the Unlversit}'. There is also a Loan-Furniture Association, 
managed by officers and students, which lends students sets of furni- 
ture at a price just sufficient to replace the association property as it 
is worn out. 

The University owns in Cambridge twelve dormitories or halls. 
These have accommodations for 973 students, provided all double 
rooms are occupied by two persons. As a matter of fact the number 
of double rooms held by students preferring to lodge alone is large. 
Rents range from $25 to $350 a year. Full information regarding 
prices and the methods of securing rooms can be obtained from 
the Bursar. There are a number of large private dormitories ad- 
joining the College grounds, and students are received as lodgers 
or boarders in many private houses in various parts of Cambridge, 
Boston, and suburban towns. Furnished rooms, suitable for either 
one or two persons, are obtainable at a distance from the College 
Yard at low rents, as for example from $35 to $75 a year. Good 
order is maintained in College and private dormitories by graduates 
or instructors holding appointments as Proctors. Proctors are under 
the direction of the Regent. At the discretion of the Regent, a Proc- 



6 

tor may be placed in aoj- private house where students lodge, if the 
maintaiuance of good order in the house seems to require it. 

The athletic sports of the University are regulated by a com- 
mission, composed of three graduates, three professors, and three 
students, which acts independently of any Faculty. The sports 
include rowing, canoeing, base-ball, foot-ball, lacrosse, lawn-tennis, 
cricket, polo, rifle-shooting, hare and hounds races ; track athletics, 
including bicycle racing, running and jumping ; and gymnasium 
exercises of various kinds, which are under the general supervision 
of Dudley A. Sargent, M.D., the Director of the Gymnasium. 
The athletic facilities of the University are excellent. The Charles 
River with its miles of broad surface is only a few minutes' walk 
from the College. The University Boat Houses are conveniently 
located on its nearer bank. The foot-ball, base-ball, tennis, and 
other fields are in the immediate vicinity of the Gymnasium, the Fives 
Courts, and the Rowing Tank. The country roads around Cambridge 
are well made, inviting horseback and bicycle riding, driving, and 
walking. Skating and tobogganing are popular sports in their sea- 
son, which lasts in ordinary years from December to March. The 
principal athletic events of the yesiY are the championship foot-ball 
games in the autumn, the in-door Gymnasium contests in the winter, 
the championship base-ball games in the spring, and the annual boat 
races at New London in the early summer. Only students whose 
conduct and standing in College and whose physical condition are 
satisfactory are allowed to take part in public athletic contests or 
similar exhibitions. The money accounts of the various athletic 
organizations are under the direction of a graduate treasurer ap- 
pointed by the Athletic Commission. 

The University contains a great number of literar}^, dramatic, 
religious, scientific, musical, and social societies. Among the most 
prominent are the Union, where social and political questions of 
national interest are debated ; the Hasty Pudding Club, founded in 
1795, which has a large club-house and theatre ; the Harvard branch 
of the Y. M. C. A. ; the Total Abstinence League ; the Deulscher 
Verein and Conference Fran9aise ; the Glee Club and Pierian Sodal- 
ity ; and several Greek letter societies, including the Phi Beta 
Kappa and Alpha Delta Phi. In the Law School are several clubs 
which conduct Moot Courts at stated periods. The other Professional 
Schools have analogous societies which form useful adjuncts to class- 
room work. 

The University itself publishes an annual Catalogue (price 85c.) ; 
the annual report of the President and Treasurer; the Quarterly 
Journal of Economics ; the Historical Monographs ; Studies in Classi- 
cal Philology ; the Library Bulletin ; the Weekly Calendar ; and vari- 



ous pamphlets for general distribiiton. Students publish the annual 
Index, with records of sports and societies ; the Law Review ; the 
Advocate (bi-weekly) ; the Lampoon (an illustrated fortnightly) ; 
the Harvard Monthly ; and the Daily Crimson. The experience ob- 
tained on these papers, especially the last-named, enables some of 
their editors to make successful beginnings in journalism as soon as 
they leave College, and to earn money during their College course by 
serving as- correspondents for some of the city journals. Students 
can eai'n money while in Cambridge by private tutoring ; singing in 
the College Choir and in the choirs of the neighboring churches ; 
doing clerical or stenographic work ; and type-writing. Active, ener- 
getic students, while able to live as cheaply in Cambridge as at 
colleges in rural districts, find not only that there are more wa3'S of 
earning money, but that more is paid them for the same services. As 
is shown by the accompanying table, the University distributes over 
185,000 a year in scholarships, beneficiar}^ funds, and prizes. Merit 
and need are the elements which determine distribution. 

Income of Funds, and other Sums available in 1890-91 in Harvard 
University, as money-aids to Students. 

Graduate School. Fellowships $10,700 

" " Scholarships 11,150 

" " Prizes 1,475* 

Harvard College. Scholarships 22,5-15 

" " Beneficiary Funds 19,000 

" " Loan Funds 3,248 

" " Prizes 1,055* 

Laivrence Scientific 

School. Scholarships . 2,400 

Divinity School. Scholarships 1,385 

" " Beneficiary Funds 720 

" " Hopkins Fund 1,950 

Williams Fund 4,000 

" " Williams Fellowships 1,000 

Law School. Scholarships 1,500 

" " Prizes 100 

" " Foster Fund [150]t 

Medical School. Fellowships 750 

" " Scholarships 1,500 

*' " Foster Fund ]50f 

" " Prizes ^ 375 

$85,003 

* Many prizes open to graduate students are also open to undergraduates and 
to students in other departments. 

t The income of the Foster Fund is available in the LaAv and Medical Schools 
in alternate years. 



8 

The annual outlay of an economical student who comes to Cam- 
bridge with a good supply of clothing and bed linen is necessarily 
nearly $400. For tuition he must pay $150 (except in the Divinity 
School, where tlie fee is $50 ; and in the Medical School, where it is 
$200). A room furnished, lighted, and warmed cannot well cost 
less than $35, even if it is small and inconveniently located. Books, 
stationery, and laboratory fees amount to about $20 a year ; and 
washing to at least $15. Wholesome food can be procured for about 
$2.75 a week, although a few students live for a little less. Sundries 
may reach $40 for the year, especially if by living at a distance the 
student spends a good deal in car fares. Allowing nothing for 
clothing, these estimates would make the expenses of the first year in 
College $367. After that they tend to grow larger. Students who 
are not forced to practice strict economy of course spend more than 
the sums named. Perhaps a quarter of each college class live on 
less than $600 a year, clothes included. Another quarter spend be- 
tween $600 and $800. Every dollar over $1200 which even the 
richest student spends is, as a wise writer on this point has said, 
" a dollar of danger." The same writer has said as to the advisa- 
bility of encouraging poor men to come to Harvard : — 

"Whenever you encounter a poor boy of eager, aggressive 
mind, a youth of energy, one capable of feeling the enjoyment of 
struggling with a multitude, of making his merit known, say to 
him that Harvard College is expressly constituted for such as 
he. Here he will find the largest provision for his needs and the 
clearest field for his talents. Money is a power everywhere. It 
is a power here ; but a power of far more restricted scope than in 
the world at large. In this magnificent hall (Memorial Hall) rich 
and poor dine together daily. At the Union they debate together. 
At the clubs which foster special interests, — the Finance Club, 
the Philological Club, the Philosophical Club, the French Club, the 
Signet, and the O. K., — considerations of money have no place. 
If the poor man is a man of muscle, the athletic organizations will 
welcome him ; if a man skilled in words, he will be made an editor 
of the college papers ; and if he has the powers that fit him for the 
place, the whole bod3' of his class-mates will elect him Orator, Ivy 
Orator, Odist, or Poet, without the slightest regard to whether his 
purse is full or empty." 

Since this was written its truth has been strikingly exemplified by 
the election to the class oratorship of a man who had not only worked 
his way into and through College, but who was of unmixed negro 
blood. 

The following letter tells the story of a white undergraduate who 



9 

came recently from a Southern State, without a friend in Cambridge, 
made his way on the slenderest possible income, and graduated with 
distinction. 

Harvakd College, April 19, 1889. 
In reply to your question I would state that my expenses for the past 
two college years have been as follows. I record only the necessary 

expenses. 

For 1887-88. 

Room rent, fuel, etc $40.00 

Board, private, 15 weeks 52.50 

" at Memorial 24 weeks 99.00 

Clothing, including washing GO.OO 

Books and stationery 15.00 

Tuition 150. dO 

Laboratory fees 25.00 

441.50 

Deduct for Laboratory 25.00 

$416.50 
For 1888-89. 

Room rent, fuel, and lights $40.00 

Board, private 140.00 

Clotliing and washing 40.00 

Books and stationery 10.00 

Tuition 150.00 

Laboratory fees 55.00 

435.00 

Deduct for Laboratory 55.00 

$380.00 

1 will state that I entered Harvard with but two hundred dollars a year 

to pay my expenses with, which is less money than I spent at the 

» College. The above is not an under-estimate of what I have actually 

spent for the items named, but so far as I am able to give, the exact 
figures. With the assistance I can get here, I am enabled to live better 

and cheaper than at the College. I am satisfied that any good 

student from the South can, with the assistance oftered at Harvard, live 
w^th as little cost to himself as he can at the Southern colleges. 

I am yours truly, . 

If a student in regular standing passes successfully through his 
first j'ear at Harvard and proves himself to be upright in character, 
strong in bod}', and of unmistakable promise intellectuall}', the 
chances are against his being compelled to leave college on account of 
lack of money. When his course is finished he finds no great diflS- 
culty in obtaining a foothold in the outside world. A highly-recom- 
mended graduate of the College, or of any of the Professional 
Schools, as a rule finds himself given a fair chance to choose the 



10 



part of the country in which he will accept an offer to enter. upon his 
life work. The demand for Harvard Graduates as teachers in both 
schools and colleges is in excess of the number of persons who can 
be cordially recommended by the University authorities. The same 
is true in various degrees of the demand for young men to enter the 
railway service, journalism, the publishing business, and other walks 
of life where a college training is of practical advantage. Every 
effort is made by the University to satisfy applications for the ser- 
vices of graduates, and ever}^ student of merit is encouraged to ask 
aid in securing the employment which he desires. 

The following table illustrates the growth of the University during 
recent years : — 





1869-70. 


1879-80. 


1889-90. 


1891-92. 


No. of Professors 


41 


52 


71 


74 


" " Asst. Professors .... 


7 


16 


21 


26 


Total no. of Teachers 


81 


150 


217 


253 


Students in the College .... 


563 


g628 


1,271 


1,456 


" " " Graduate School 


19 


f'^ 


107 


189 


" " " Scientific " 


52 i 


f 16 


65 


118 


'« " " Dirinity 


36 / 


23 


35 


39 


" " " Law " 


120 ■' 


165 


254 


363 


" " " Medical " 


306 


251 


290 


399 


" " Dental 


16 


15 


35 


61 


" " " Veterinary " 






20 


31 


♦« " " Bussey Institution 




7 


2 


14 


" " " Summer School 




64 


220 


863 


Total no. of Students* 


1,112 


1,356 


2,079 


2,658 


No. of books in the Library . . 


184,000 


253,000 


371,000 


400,000 


" *' pamphlets " 


110,000 


199,000 


300,000 


310,000 


Amount of aid given 


$25,000 


$38,000 


$77,000 


$85,000 



Not counting students in the Summer School. 



11 



HARYAED COLLEGE. 

The matters considered thus far concern the University as a whole. 
There are others which relate to the several departments. Of these 
departments the College is the oldest and largest. It has a high 
standard for its degree of Bachelor of Arts. Few, if any, other 
American colleges equal it in this particular. This fact is shown by 
the requirements for admission and graduation, as stated in the 
University Catalogue, and exemplified by the examination papers on 
admission requirements and on college studies. A large number of 
high schools and academies are quite unable to fit their pupils for 
Harvard College ; and man}- of the best preparatory schools provide 
extra instruction for pupils intending to enter here. Finally, stu- 
dents coming to Harvard from another college seldom find it for their 
interest to enter at the same grade which they held at the college 
from which they came. Entrance ad eundem can, however, always 
be obtained by passing the required examinations, and it is sometimes 
granted without examination to students who have gone temporarily 
to another college and have maintained there a specially high rank. 

Although the Harvard standard is thus seen to be exceptionally 
high, the requirements for admission are much more elastic than 
those which prevail in most other places. The simplest form of the 
requirements calls for a specified knowledge of English, Greek, 
Latin, German, French, histor}-, algebra, plane geometry and phys- 
ics, together with advanced preparation in two subjects chosen from 
the languages already named, mathematics, and physical science. 
But if a candidate prefers to omit either Greek or Latin, and either 
French or German, he may do so on condition of passing (under 
certain restrictions in the case of Greek or Latin) in an additional 
number of advanced subjects. Moreover in history he has a choice 
between American and English history and the histor}^ of Greece and 
Rome ; and in physical science between elementary physics and as- 
tronomy learned from text-books only, and experimental physics 
learned in the laboratory. In elementary Greek, Latin, German, 
and French he is not tied to any particular authors, but is asked to 
show his ability to translate simple prose passages at sight. In 
English he is required to write a composition upon a subject taken 
from one of several specified books, most of which — if he has 
literary taste — he has probably read before being required to do so. 
For an exact statement of the existing requirements for admission 



12 

the candidate should invariably consult the University Catalogue, 
but the following details ma}' serve to give an idea of what a Harvard 
student is expected to learn before entering College. 

Elementary Studies. 

English. — The first part of the examination in English is based 
upon selected works of standard English authors. The list of books 
changes from year to year, the announcement of the changes being 
published several years in advance. The student should read the pre- 
scribed books as he reads other books ; he will be expected, not to 
know them minutely, but to have freshly in mind their most important 
parts. He may be asked to write an outline of a specified novel or to 
explain the purport of an essay. 

Whatever the subject of the composition, the examiner will regard 
knowledge of the book as far less important than ability to write 
English. The student should therefore have constant practice in 
writing, and should test his work severely. He should spell correctly 
and punctuate intelligently. He should make sure — so far as he 
can — that every word means something, and the right thing ; that 
every sentence is grammatical ; and that thought follows thought in 
logical order. He should do his best to make his work accurate in 
every part, and to combine the parts in a coherent whole. 

The student may train himself for the correction of specimens of 
bad English — the second part of the examination — (a) by correcting 
his own work ; (5) by correcting the specimens of bad English in 
some elementar}' text-book. * 

In preparation for both parts of the examination, he should study 
the elements of grammar and rhetoric ; and should apply what he 
learns (a) to his own writing ; (b) to specimen pages of the pre- 
scribed books. 

Greek. — The examination in Elementary Greek tests the candi- 
date's ability to translate simple Attic prose at sight. In order to 
meet this requirement the candidate must possess a good practical 
knowledge of the forms and constructions of the language and must 
have command of a considerable vocabularj^ The essential forms 
and ordinary constructions should be thoroughly mastered. From 
the beginning, practical use should be made of the knowledge ac- 
quired by translating Greek into English and English into Greek, 
first single detached sentences and then, as soon as possible, con- 
nected passages. The acquisition of a vocabulary should be system- 

* Such, for example, as Exercises in English by H. I. Strang. Boston : D. C. 
Heath & Co. 



13 

atically pursued. Important words should be daily committed to 
memory, not as separate units, but with regard to their affinity in 
form and meaning. These groups of related words will grow from 
lesson to lesson. In acquiring the elements of the language some 
such help should be resorted to as The Beginner's Greek Book, pub- 
lished by Ginn & Company, Boston, which supplies materials and 
indicates the method. 

When the elements have been acquired, the pupil should read ex- 
tensively in Xenophon, the most of whose writings are accessible in 
good school editions. He should be required to read aloud, and 
should be taught to depend, in reading, upon his own resources so far 
as possible. He should commit the new words that he meets to 
memory, and should confirm his knowledge of forms and construc- 
tions b}^ systematic use of a grammar. He should aim to learn to 
read freely and with ease, but always exactly. The total amount 
read in preparation for the examination should not be less than three 
hundred or four hundred pages. 

Latin. — The examination in Elementary Latin demands of the 
candidate ability to read simple prose which he has not read before. 
This is the main requirement ; but to enforce thoroughness and ex- 
actness in the candidate's training, questions on the ordinary forms 
and constructions of the language are appended to the passages set 
for translation. Thorough preparation for this examination requires, 
for the average student, a three-years course, and this is the time 
usually given to it; some of the best schools give even more. The 
student's training should be of the same general character as that 
recommended in Greek. The author most commonly read is Caesar ; 
but others, such as Nepos and Quintus Curtius, maj' be used advan- 
tageously for supplementary reading. Pupils from the best schools 
have also usually read selections from Ovid or a few books of the 
Aeneid by the time they take the elementary examinations, although 
ability to read these authors is not required. 

German. — A student who wishes to fit himself to pass the ele- 
mentary examination in German for admission to Harvard College 
should first master so much of the grammar as is contained in Shel- 
don's " Short Grammar." He is advised to give especial attention 
from the beginning to the rules for pronunciation. The stud}^ of the 
Grammar should be accompanied by the careful reading of at least 
two hundred duodecimo pages of easy German ; such as Grimm's 
Fairy Tales, or the easier stories of Heyse, Storm, and Zschokk^. 
There are several German readers which have good selections for 
beginners. Among others may be mentioned : Grauert's Reader 



14 

(E. Steiger, New York), Joynes' Eeader (D. C. Heath & Co.^ Bos- 
ton), Whitney's Reader (Henry Holt & Co., New York). The stu- 
dent is advised to give himself a good deal of practice in reading " at 
sight" ; that is to say, as soon as he has mastered a small vocabu- 
lary he should try to make out, without too constant use of the dic- 
tionary, the meaning of easy sentences which are new to him. A 
good book for practice in reading at sight is Leander's Traumereien 
(D. C. Heath & Co., Boston). 

The one point in grammatical study which will best help the stu- 
dent to read at sight is a thorough mastery of all the irregular (or 
*' stroDg ") verbs. 

French. — To prepare for the elementary examination in French, 
the student should use such books as Chardenal's first and second 
French courses and (in case he is working without the aid of a com- 
petent teacher) the keys to the exercises of the same. A student 
working without a teacher should write the exercises, then correct 
them with the help of the key, and write them over again a few days 
later without looking at the first draft. Not less than five hundred 
pages of French should be read. The best books to begin with are 
readers, such as B6cher's French Reader, or Macmillan's Second Pro- 
gressive French Reader ; then easy novels and plays, such as I'Abb^ 
Constantin, by Ludovic Halevy ; la Poudre aux Yeux, and le Voj'age 
de M. Perrichon, by Labiche. Excellent, as well as easy, historical 
reading will be provided by the Charles XH. of Voltaire. It is 
essential that some idea of the pronunciation should be obtained 
from some one fairly conversant with the French language. Gose's 
Fi'ench-English and English-French Dictionary will be found at least 
as convenient as any. 

History. — The requirement in history is intended to call for a 
substantial piece of work, equal to that demanded in any other sub- 
ject occupying one hour on the examination programme. The books 
named in the Catalogue to "indicate the amount of knowledge 
demanded ' ' represent the minimum of fact which a candidate is 
expected to master. The preparation should be such as to enable 
the pupil to use his facts. The " additional readings " are therefore 
particularly recommended, showing how to reason from facts, and 
the larger the amount of reading which is thoughtfully done, the 
greater will be the number of things which the pupil remembers 
because he is interested in them. The best method of instruction is 
to'use a text-book as a guide, and to require pupils from da}^ to day 
to read the "additional readings" and like works giving other 
accounts of the same events or institutions. Care should be taken 



15 

that pupils should remember the ideas of the books, but state them 
in their own words. Much may be accomplished by distributing 
topics among the members of the class for special preparation, the 
best of them to be reported to the class. In such cases the teacher 
should take care that every pupil masters also the general lesson. 
The teacher will find it useful to his pupils frequentl}- to set them ques- 
tions, so put as to make each one think about and combine for him- 
self the facts with which he is dealing. Answers should be written. 
Candidates studying by themselves should read text-books and addi- 
tional readings carefully, reviewing at times by taking up such com- 
pendiums as Ploetz's Epitome, and trj'ing to bring together from 
memory the causes and results of events mentioned. The geography 
ma}' be best learned by the use of outline maps, boundaries being 
drawn and places located from memory. 

Mathematics. — A thorough, practical acquaintance with ordinary 
arithmetic is assumed as underlying all preparation in Mathematics. 
But no examination is held in arithmetic ; and students are advised 
not to waste their time on merely puzzling problems, which can be 
better solved by algebra, or on the details of commercial arithmetic. 
The "four rules," the operations on vulgar and decimal fractions, 
the simpler reductions and combinations of compound numbers, and 
the extraction of the square root ought, however, to be thoroughly 
understood, in such a manner as to be easily and accurately worked 
out ; for these afford the necessary basis of mathematical knowledge. 

The examinations in elementary algebra and plane geometry re- 
quire not only accurate knowledge of those subjects, but the practical 
power — which can easily be gained by training — to use that knowl- 
edge in the solution of new problems and examples. Memory is in- 
dispensable here as elsewhere ; but in Mathematics, its part should 
be as small as possible. The student should strive to attain a 
firm hold of the reasons involved in the demonstrations, solutions, 
constructions, rules, and methods presented to him ; to remember 
those reasons through the force with which they are impressed on 
his mind ; and to remember the* details of his subject, because he 
remembers their reasons. This requires earnest, patient, concen- 
trated study ; but the habit once formed. Mathematics becomes 
eas}', and the student can enter a mathematical examination with 
confidence. 

The list of subjects in algebra, given in the Announcement of 
Requirements, should be carefully considered ; and the student 
should not fail to cover the whole ground there specified. A large 
number of examples should be solved ; so that the student may 



16 

learn to do his work with reasonable quickness, as well as with clear- 
ness, facility, and exactness. The examination aims to test all these 
qualities. The solution of tolerabh* complicated literal quadratics ; 
the various methods of elimination, for equations of the first two 
degrees ; the putting of problems, in a neat manner, into equations ; 
the working of all the algebraic operations both for integral and for 
fractional expressions : — may be specially pointed out as important 
subjects of attention. The student should learn to arrange his work 
in a clear, orderly, and compact fashion. AYentworth's Elementary 
Algebra (Ginn & Co., Boston) is widely and successfully used by 
schools which prepare for this College. But any reputable text-book, 
if it is well provided with examples and covers the whole ground 
required, may be employed. Wentworth's College Algebra (same 
publishers), Chaps. X. and XL ; Todhunter's Algebra (Macmillan & 
Co., New York), Chaps. VI.-VIIL, XIII., XVIII., XIX., XXI.- 
XXIV., inclusive; and Wentworth and Hill's Exercise and Exam- 
ination Manuals (Ginn & Co.) contain good examples for practice. 

In Geometry, the student should guard against committing his 
demonstrations and solutions to memory from his text-book. He 
should, so far as possible, work them out for himself, with his own 
diagrams, using the book as a guide, and alwaj^s bearing in mind 
that his object is to learn a subject, not a particular author's present- 
ation of that subject. He should make his diagrams as different from 
those drawn in his book as the conditions of the question allow ; he 
should often use different lettering from the book ; and sometimes 
try to invent proofs and solutions of his own, remembering always 
that the shortest and simplest methods, if rigorous, are best. This 
way of working will help him towards the solution of original prob- 
lems, on which he should carefull}^ prepare himself. It is an excel- 
lent practice to perform many actual constructions with the rule and 
compasses, according to geometric principles, and with the utmost 
care and finish. The student thus becomes familiar with the condi- 
tions of the possibilit}' of a construction and with the actual use of 
theorems ; and acquires a greater interest in his studj'. But he 
should remember that a fine drawing, however useful in its own way, 
has no geometric value ; it is unnecessary to a sound demonstration 
and is powerless to redeem a faulty one. Byerh^'s Chauvenet's 
Geometry (Lippincott Co., Philadelphia) is to be strongly recom- 
mended as a suitable text-book ; Wentworth's Geometry (Ginn & 
Co., Boston) may also be favorably mentioned; but, as in algebra, 
an}^ standard treatise may be chosen. In addition to the regular 
text-books, Julius Petersen's "Methods and Theories for the Solu- 
tion of Problems etc." (Sampson Low & Co., London) may be used 



17 

with advantage by the student who has the time and inclination to 
make special studies in the art of geometric invention. 

One third of one full year of work may be taken to represent the 
time devoted to the study of elementary algebra at good schools ; 
and one fifth of a year, the time devoted to plane geometry. A 
capable and somewhat mature student may prepare himself satisfac- 
torily for the examinations in decidedly less time ; but, on the other 
hand, the student who can give more study to plane geometry espe- 
cially is strongly advised to do so. A thorough masterj' of either of 
these subjects, on which all higher study of Mathematics depends, 
and which contribute indirectly in an important degree to a vigorous 
mental training, necessarily requires time for the assimilation of the 
new conceptions and processes which characterize them, and for the 
formation of habits of exact thought. 

Elementary Physics. — Previous to 1886 the only requirement in 
physics for admission to Harvard College was text-book work. In 
that year and the year following a pamphlet was prepared by the 
College describing in detail a laboratory course intended as an alter- 
native for the text-book course. A candidate for admission may 
therefore now offer either a text-book course or a laboratory course. 
The laboratory course is strongly recommended to all who can take it. 

The text-book alternative is retained because the teaching of phys- 
ics by laboratory methods has not yet become general in the schools 
of the country at large. Concerning this requirement nothing need 
be added to the statement of the College Catalogue, which is as fol- 
lows : Astronomy (Lockyer's Elementary Lessons) and Physics 
(Avery's Elements of Natural Philosophy* or Gage's Elements of 
Physics) . This requirement, if fully and thoroughly met, probably 
imposes as much work upon the student as the laboratory- alternative. 

Inquiry has shown that in a considerable number of the best schools 
which fit for Harvard College about five school-hours per week, pre- 
sumably with some hours each week out of school, for one year were 
devoted to physics. Accordingly, the laboratory course described in 
the pamphlet was planned to occupy the student, in school and out, 
about seven or eight hours per week for one year. 

As physics is no longer a required study in college, it was borne 
in mind, in, planning the laboratory course for the schools, that very 
many of those taking it would never have any other systematic course 
in physics. Accordingly the exercises were so chosen as to cover a 

* The following portions of the 1885 edition may be omitted : — sections I. and 
II. of chap. I. (excepting arts. 23-30), arts. 254-267, 346-349, 371, 411-415, 
445-455, 464-467, 470-476, 707-714, 729-745, and the whole Appendix. 



18 

wide range of subjects and to have many applications in the experi- 
ence of every-day life. The course at its last revision, in 1889, was 
arranged in forty-six exercises, any six of which may be omitted by 
the candidate. The examination for those who present this course 
consists of a written test upon questions closely connected with the 
work of the course, a laboratory examination, usually upon the exer- 
cises of the course, and an examination of the note-books used during 
the progress of the course in the schools. The written examination, 
though less important than the other two, and comparatively easy, 
gives valuable evidence as to the intelligence with which the student 
has carried on his work and the thoroughness with which he has 
mastered its principles. 

Particular attention has been given to the question of pecuniary 
expense in the arrangement of the laboratory course, and with such 
success that the course is fully established in most of the schools that 
send many students to Harvard and is gradually making its way into 
smaller schools. The pamphlet describing this course is called a 
Descriptive List of Elementary Physical Experiments. It is for sale 
at the University Bookstore, Cambridge. 

Advanced Studies. 

Considerably more advanced training is also required in from two 
to five of the following subjects : Greek, Latin, German, French, 
mathematics, physics, chemistr}^ If Greek is omitted from among 
the elementaiy subjects, four of these advanced subjects instead of 
two must be offered, and they must include a considerable part of 
the advanced mathematics and sciences. For a precise statement 
of the omissions from the elementary list and the corresponding 
substitutions from the advanced list the student must consult the 
Catalogue. 

There are many schools which are not prepared to furnish even 
their best and most ambitious pupils with all the training which 
these requirements demand ; nevertheless the number of schools and 
small colleges which fit students for Harvard College is large, as will 
be seen by consulting the Appendix, and might be much larger if 
pupils and their parents insisted upon having school facilities in- 
creased in localities where incompetent teachers and meagre expendi- 
tures are not necessary evils. The best fitting schools for Harvard 
College are those which the table in the Appendix shows to have 
prepared the largest number of successful candidates in recent 
years. 

It does not necessarily follow because a candidate for admission 
has been poorly prepared in one or two subjects, owing to lack of 



19 

competent instruction, that he cannot enter Harvard. If, by passing 
creditably in the subjects in which he has been trained, he clearly 
shows capacity and ambition, he will be admitted on condition of 
subsequently making up his deficienc3^ The number of subjects in 
which he may be conditioned varies according to the circumstances, 
but does not usually exceed three. After entering College he 
is allowed to cancel these conditions, either by passing examina- 
tions on the same subjects or by taking as a part of his college 
studies advanced work in the same department, the satisfactory 
performance of which proves that he has more than made good his 
previous defects. The exact number of conditions allowed can 
never be stated in advance for the reason that each case is consid- 
ered on its merits. 

It frequently happens that students who do not feel that they can 
devote four years to college study as candidates for the degree of 
A.B. desire to pursue special work leading to some chosen goal. 
Such persons can obtain instruction at Harvard b}^ entering as spe- 
cial students. Before the opening of the college yesiv an applicant 
files with the Secretary a written application in which his previous 
training and future plans are outlined ; and he accompanies this with 
letters from teachers and friends testifying to his character and 
capacity. These papers are read by a committee of the Facult}', 
and if found satisfactory the candidate is allowed to register as a 
Special Student and to begin work in such courses as he may select 
with the approval of his advisers. If his subsequent conduct shows 
that he is either not studious or of doubtful character, he is deprived 
of the privileges of the University. 

The process of admission to regular standing and recognized can- 
didacy for a degree is more complicated. Most students prefer to 
divide their admission examination into two parts, taking one part 
in one year and the remainder the next. Sometimes they take one 
part in June and the other in September. Under no circumstances 
are they allowed to divide their examinations into more than two 
such parts. Where the division is between two years, the first part 
is called the Preliminary Examination. In order to be recognized as 
a preliminary candidate a student must send to the Secretary a clear 
and explicit statement from the head-master of his school, expressing 
the master's belief that the student is properly prepared to take cer- 
tain preliminary examinations which the certificate must specify. 
Until this certificate is received by the Secretary the candidate is not 
entitled to enter the examination. Of course this does not prevent 
students of limited opportunities from "offering themselves" in 
cases where they are in fact preparing themselves for college ; but 



20 

in such cases the candidate must state that he is his own teacher and 
send an exact list of the studies in which he believes himself prepared 
to undergo examination. 

The second set of examinations of a candidate who divides between 
two 3'ears is called the "Finals." It may follow the "Preliminaries " 
after an interval of a year, a year and three mouths, or even two or 
more years. Where all the examinations are offered in the same 
year, whether part in June or part in September or all at once, they 
also are called " Finals " for the reason that each examination taken, 
whether in June or September, is the final effort of the candidate -to 
pass in that particular subject. Candidates for the "Finals" are 
not required to present certificates of preparation. The penalty for 
trying all the examinations in one year, when preparation has been 
insufficient and when such insufficiency is proved by failure, is that 
the candidate obtains no certificate for the subjects passed and is 
compelled to take the entire examination over again. The knowledge 
of the penalty is usually sufficient to prevent incompetent persoais 
from undertaking the examinations all at once against their teachers' 
advice. The only certificate required of a final candidate is one of 
good moral character. This should always come from the principal 
of his school, or, if he has not had a regular school training, from a 
clerg3"man or other responsible person well known in the locality 
where he resides. If a student cannot show that he is trusted and 
respected in his school and home, he is not desired in Harvard Col- 
lege. Any attempt to force a person of tainted character into the 
midst of the University community is considered to be an act deserv- 
ing the strongest condemnation. 

The June examinations for admission to Harvard are held simul- 
taneously in Cambridge and other points in New England ; in New 
York, Albany, and Buffalo ; in Philadelphia, Washington, Cincinnati, 
Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Denver, San Francisco, 
Portland, Oregon ; Tokyo, and some accessible city in Europe. 
An examination will ordinarily be held at any other point distant 
from those named, if ten candidates apply for it as early as April 1. 
In order to enable the College to know how many candidates are 
to be provided for at each of the regular places of examination, 
notice of intention to take examinations in places outside of Cam- 
bridge must be sent to the Secretary in time to reach him by June 
11th. If the examinations are taken in Cambridge, no fee is 
charged ; but, if taken elsewhere, payment of ^5 is required to 
be made to the Bursar as early as June 11th. The payment 
should be made by check or money-order drawn to the order of the 



21 

Bursar. Money should not be trusted to the mail. The check should 
be sent to the Bursar dh'ect and not under cover to any other officer. 
One fee covers both "Preliminaries" and '-Finals" and the two 
sets of examinations need not be taken in the same place. Full 
details regarding the examinations, including sets of papers used in 
previous years, are furnished by the Secretary on request. 

A candidate for admission to Harvard by the usual process of 
examination will find no difficulty in taking his examinations, pro- 
vided he notes with reasonable care the directions given him by the 
officers in charge. There is no need for any well-prepared candidate 
to feel nervous or timid. He is one of hundreds passing through the 
same ordeal, all equally new to the situation which challenges their 
courage. If he is really prepared to enter College, the College is 
quite ready to admit him. The examination-books will be read and 
passed upon in ignorance of his identity, and the utmost impartiality^ 
will be shown in judging his efforts at each stage of his progress. 
Honesty in examinations is unquestionably the rule at Harvard. 
Opportunities to " crib " are few ; public opinion is against cheating 
of any kind ; and dishonesty, if detected, deprives the candidate of 
the chance to enter College. 

Information regarding the results of the June examinations is 
given to final candidates within a day or two after the close of the 
examinations and to preliminary candidates about ten days later. 
The autumn examinations are over several days before College opens, 
so that persons admitted then have time to get settled before attend- 
ance at lectures begins. Admission or preliminarj' certificates are as 
good one or more years after date as when issued, but dela}' in enter- 
ing College is not favored. 

Mention has already been made of admission to advanced stand- 
ing in the college classes. This may be obtained by examination or 
through recognition of work well done at another college. The usual 
process where a student at another college wishes to be transferred 
to Hai-vard, is for him to fill out a blank furnished by the Secretary, 
stating in detail all his previous work in fitting for college and after 
entering it. This he supports by certificates and rank-lists showing 
his class-standing, and forwards them through the Secretary to the 
Committee on Admission from other Colleges. After allowing full 
credit for all his work as measured by Harvard standards, this Com- 
mittee decides in which of the four college classes the candidate 
belongs. It occasionally, though rareh', happens that students com- 
ing from the same class at home are admitted to different standings 
in Harvard College, owing to marked ditference in their scholarship 
or preparatory training. Any student of limited means and high 



22 



scholarship who is transferred by the recommendation of his teachers 
from another college to Harvard, is likel}^ to receive favorable answer 
to an application for aid from the Price Greenleaf fund. His appli- 
cation must be filed before May 1. The amount given varies from 
$150 to $250. Applications for admission to advanced standing 
are promptly considered at any time in the year, summer included. 
During the past nine years over 325 students from other colleges 
have entered the undergraduate classes in Harvard College. They 
have come from the following institutions — one hundred and eleven 
in number : — 



Acadia, 

Adelbert, 

Albion, 

Amherst, 

Andover Theol. Semi- 
nary, 

Atlanta, 

Augustana, 

Beloit, 

Bethany, 

Blackburn, 

Boston College, 

Boston University, 

Bowdoin, 

Bridgewater State Nor- 
mal, 

Brooklyn Polytechnic In- 
stitute, 

Brown, 

Bucknell, 

Cambridge Epis. Theol. 
School, 

Carleton, 

Charleston, 

Colby, 

College of the City of 
New York, 

Columbia, 

Columbian, 

Cornell (N.Y.), 

Cornell (Iowa), 

Dalhousie, 

Dartmouth, 

Denison, 

Drury, 

Eminence, 

Emporia, 

Eureka, 

risk, 

Frankfurt Gymnasium, 

Geneseo State Normal, 



Georgetown, 

Grinnell, 

Grove City, 

Hamilton, 

Hamline, 

Haverford, 

Hillsdale, 

Hobart, 

Holy Cross, 

Howard College (Ala.)? 

Howard University, 

Illinois State Normal, 

Illinois Wesleyan, 

Iowa State University, 

Kenyon, 

Knox, 

Lafayette, 

Lawrence, 

Lebanon Valley, 

London, 

Madison, 

Marietta, 

Mass. Institute of Tech- 
nology, 

Millers ville State Normal, 

Mt. Allison, 

National Normal Univer- 
sity (Lebanon, Ohio), 

Northern Indiana Nor- 
mal, 

Northwestern, 

Oberlin, 

Ohio State University, 

Ohio Wesleyan, ^ 

Otterbein, 

Princeton, 

Kacine, 

Ripon, 

Roanoke, 

Rochester, 

St. Francis, 



St. Lawrence, 

St. Stephen's, 

Simpson, 

South Carolina, 

SouthwesternPresbyterian, 

Stevens Inst, of TechnoL, 

Swarthmore, 

Syracuse, , 

Trinity, 

Tufts, 

Tulane, 

Union Theol. Seminary, 

University of Alabama, 
" " California, 

" " Georgia, 

" " Indiana, 

" " Kansas, 

" " Michigan, 

" " Missouri, 

" " New Bruns- 

wick, 
" '• North Caro- 

lina, 
" " Oregon, 

" '-Pennsylvania, 

" " Vermont, 

" " Virginia, 

" " Wisconsin, 

U. S. Naval Academy, 

Vanderbilt, 

Wartburg, 

Washington, 

Washington and Jefferson, 

Wesleyan, 

Williams, 

Wittenberg, 

Wooster, 

Worcester Polytechnic In- 
stitute, 

Yale. 



23 

A graduate of another college who wishes to take the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts at Harvard College may register either as an under- 
graduate or as a member of the Graduate School. The same courses 
of instruction are open to him in either case and the requirements 
imposed for the degree will be the same. 

Students entering with advanced standing are enabled by special 
provisions in the Regulations to compete for degrees with distinction 
and for Honors. 

The college year opens on the Thursday following the last 
Wednesday in September. On entering College every Freshman 
and Special Student finds himself assigned to some member of 
the Faculty who acts as liis adviser in the selection of his studies 
and in other matters relating to his new life. The student 
deposits with the Bursar either a bond signed by two satisfactory 
sureties or a sum of money sufficient to cover his immediate future 
liabilities ; he secures a seat at Memorial Hall, or in some other 
boarding-place ; registers in the morning of the first day of the term, 
and enrolls himself in the classes of the professors with whom he is 
to take courses. Thenceforward his duties are clear. They are, 
however, looked upon by the University as duties to himself and his 
parents, rather than to the College. Every student is at the outset 
presumed to have come to Cambridge for the purpose of gaining an 
education. If he seems to be in danger of forgetting this he is 
warned ; later, admonished and a letter sent to his home ; then, if 
the presumption of good purpose is negatived by conclusive evidence 
of his unfitness to care for himself, he is placed on probation, cut off 
from many privileges and honors, and informed that an^^ further 
neglect of work will result in his ceasing to be a member of the 
University. Students who reach the point of being sent away arc, as 
a rule, manifestly unfit for college life. In the rare cases of actual 
misconduct, the penalties of suspension, dismission, and expulsion 
are enforced. 

The work of the Freshman year consists of sixteen hours a week 
of lectures and recitations, not counting any laboratory or field work 
which may be taken. Most of the courses of study begin in Sep- 
tember and continue till June. Some end in February and are com- 
plementarj' to other half-courses beginning then and continuing till 
June. The year is not divided into terras or semesters, but is a unit 
in itself. Consequent!}' entering College in the middle of the year is 
unadvisable, and is rarely allowed candidates for a degree. The work 
of the three later years of the college course consists of twelve hours 
of lectures each week with a steadily-increasing amount of laboratory- 
work, thesis writing, and outside reading and research. By special 



24 

consent of the Faculty a considerable number of students do the work 
of four 3-ears in three. Such persons are usually above the average 
in age aud attainments and are apt to be of limited means. Of the 
eighteen courses of study required for the degree of A.B. only two are 
prescribed. The remaining sixteen are elective and are chosen from 
among the two hundred and fif tj' or more courses offered by the Faculty 
of Arts and Sciences. Of these about fifty are open to election by 
Freshmen. The departments in which instruction is given are Semitic 
and Indo-Iranian languages, Classics, Modern Languages and Litera- 
tures, Philosophy, Political Economy, History, Fine Arts, Music, Math- 
ematics, Civil, Topographical and Electrical Engineering, Physics, 
Chemistry, Botany, Zoology, Geology, aud American Archaeology. 
While in one sense an upper-classman may elect au}^ of these courses, 
it is usually the case that his previous training has fitted him to take 
only a limited number of them, the advanced and technical courses in 
each department requiring careful elementary training to be pursued 
successfully. The Annual Announcement of Courses of Instruction 
commonly known as the " Elective Pamphlet," and descriptive 
pamplets of the various departments, are issued in May of each 
year, and contain detailed information regarding these courses. They 
may be obtained at any time upon application to the Secretary. 
During the year instructors in the various courses of study submit 
their students to frequent tests to ascertain whether they are pursu- 
ing their work systematically. In all, except laboratory courses or 
others affording constant intercourse between instructors and stu- 
dents, a written examination lasting an hour is the commonest form 
of test. Early in February the mid-j'ear examinations are held, 
continuing for a fortnight. Each examination lasts three hours aud 
covers the work done during the first half-year. In June, at the 
close of the year, the final examinations are held. They are similar 
in character to the " mid-years," both being written examinations. 

After the final examinations Instructors return grades based upon 
the student's work for the 3'ear and these grades determine whether 
students are promoted or "dropped." A "dropped" student is, 
under the rules, on probation at the opening of the next Academic 
year, and is sometimes obliged to report daily to a tutor or officer of 
the University until his period of probation is over. The results of 
the year's work are made known during the summer by printed rank- 
lists containing the names of the high scholars in each course, and 
by private letters, stating the low grades. 

President Eliot, in his Annual Report for the year 1888-89, made 
the following statement regarding "dropping " : 

"There is a common impression among ill-informed people that 



25 

Harvard College, although hard to get into, is easy to stay in. How- 
erroneous this impression is may be seen ever\' year in the figures 
published in the Dean's annual report concerning the changes in the 
personnel of the successive College classes. Thus in October, 1888, 
it appears from the Dean's statistics for the year 1888-89 (p. 39) 
that the Freshman, Sophomore, and Junior classes numbered together 
825 persons, and that of this number 57 left College at or before the 
end of the year, and 42 were dropped to a lower class. In other 
words, it appears that one person in nine failed to maintain his place 
in the College. The majority of those who leave College altogether 
withdraw voluntarily ; but they do so because the}" become satisfied 
after trial that they have not health or capacity enough to meet the 
demands of the College, or, if they are poor, that their chances of 
success in College work are too slight to warrant them in incurring 
debt. The Dean points out with satisfaction that while 42 students 
were dropped in 1888-89, 34 students who had been dropped in 
former 3'ears succeeded in making good the deficiencies which had 
caused them to be dropped. The success of College discipline is to 
be best judged, not by the number of the lost, but by the number of 
the redeemed." 

Immediately after the final examinations in June comes the Seniors' 
Class-Day and a few days later Commencement, when the many gradu- 
ates of the College and Professional Schools receive their diplomas at 
the bauds of the President. 

Class-Day is the gala day of the Seniors, and thousands of guests 
gathered from various parts of the country enjoy its varied pro- 
gramme. The Class-Day officers are chosen by ballot at a full 
meeting of the class held in the October previous. The Commence- 
ment-Day speakers are appointed on account of high scholarship, 
the merit of their parts, and their method of delivering them. 

The degree of Bachelor of Arts is given in four grades, the degree 
without distinction, the degree cum laude, magna cum laude, and 
summa cum laude. Remarkable excellence in any department secures 
the graduate Honors or Highest Honors. A lower grade of excel- 
lence is rewarded by Honorable Mention in the favorite subject. All 
students whose records at the close of the Junior year indicate that 
the}' will probably receive a degree with distinction are entitled to 
write Commencement Parts in competition for the honor of being 
chosen to deliver them. B}" wanning lionors in any department a 
degree with distinction is secured, but the more common ground of a 
degree with distinction is general excellence in the entire work of the 
four years. 



26 



THE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL. 

The Lawrence Scientific School is situated in Cambridge in close 
proximity to the College Yard and dormitories, Memorial Hall, the 
Observatory, the principal laboratories and museums. The School 
presents seven thoroughly equipped departments of study, in any 
one of which a student may become a candidate for the degree of 
S.B. These departments are as follows : Civil and Topographical 
Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Chemistry, Geology, Biology, 
Anatomy, Physiology and Ph3^sical Culture, and a course in General 
Science. As the instruction given in the School is open to the 
students of the College — hundreds of whom are allowed to make 
scientific work the basis of their course for the degree of Bachelor of 
Arts ^ the number of candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Sci- 
ence affords no indication of the number of students actually engaged 
in scientific study. Instructors of various grades employed by the 
School have their headquarters in the laboratories and museums, the 
Botanic Garden, the Herbarium, and other centres of scientific work. 
The admission requirements are fewer than those of the College 
and consist of the following subjects : history, algebra, plane 
geometry, logarithms, plane trigonometry with its applications to 
surveying and navigation, physical science, French or German, 
and English. If the candidate is to enter the course in Civil En- 
gineering, he must pass admission examinations — in addition to 
those just named — in solid geometry or the elements of analytical 
geometry. The admission examinations are held at the same times 
and places as those of the College. The School admits to advanced 
standing, without examination, on proof of high scholarship else- 
where. The School has in its gift sixteen scholarships of an annual 
value of $150 each. Eight of these scholarships are assignable to 
graduates of reputable Normal Schools in the United States. The 
incumbents are appointed in the first instance upon the recommenda- 
tion of the principals of the schools from which they come. Scientific 
School students have the same rights in the dining clubs, dormitories, 
gymnasium, athletic fields, and other conveniences of the University 
which college undergraduates enjoy. They ma}' take courses in other 
departments of the University without extra charge. Special Students 
are admitted to the School in much the same way and upon the same 
terms that Special Students are admitted to the College. 



27 



THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. 

A graduate of any college or scientific school of good standing is 
admitted to the Graduate School on presentation of his diploma or 
some equally satisfactory certificate of graduation. Members of this 
department are not necessarily candidates for any degree ; but they 
may become candidates for the degree of A.M., Ph.D., or S.D., by 
permission of the Administrative Board of the School. Under certain 
circumstances, explained below, they may become candidates for the 
degree of A.B. They may pursue an}' of the courses of study offered 
in the department of Arts and Sciences, and may also take any of the 
studies offered in the Professional Schools. The choice of studies of 
each student must be approved by the Administrative Board of the 
School ; but any reasonable selection of studies suitable to the student's 
attainments is always approved. A student who means to present him- 
self for a degree, or one who holds a fellowship or scholarship, is ex- 
pected to do full work ; and this requirement is ordinarily interpreted 
to mean that he must take in each 3'ear the equivalent of four courses 
of study of advanced grade. Other students may take a smaller 
number of courses, and devote a part of their time to other pursuits. 
If a student in the Graduate School, who is not a graduate of 
Harvard College or of the Lawrence Scientific School, wishes to 
become a candidate for a degree, he must first apply to the Com- 
mittee of the Faculty on Admission from other Colleges for a state- 
ment of the conditions under which he can receive the degree for 
which he wishes to become a candidate. 

Persons who have never received any academic degree are permit- 
ted to register in the Graduate School, if in the judgment 01 the 
Administrative Board they are of suitable age and attainments. If 
of lower standing in these respects, they may be admitted to one of 
the undergraduate classes or to the list of Special Students in the 
College or the Scientific School. Those admitted to the Graduate 
School must be men of high scholarship, who are fully competent to 
engage in advanced studies. They cannot become candidates for one 
of the higher degrees unless they show that they have fulfilled all 
the substantial requirements for the degree of A.B. or S.B. 

If any student wishes to become a candidate for a degree, his course 
of study must be approved as suitable for a student having that inten- 
tion. In April of each year members of the Graduate School are called 
upon to state definitely whether they wish to be candidates for a degree 
in the following June. Persons whose previous course of study has 
been accepted, without special conditions, as qualifying them to be 



28 

candidates for the degree of A.M., are admitted to that degree on 
passing with high credit in four advanced courses of study, or their 
equivalent, provided they have been in continuous residence during 
at least one academic year. The degree of A.B. is often conferred 
upon members of the Graduate School who are not already grad- 
ijates of Harvard College, and whose previous training dees not 
fit them to become candidates for the degree of A.M. in their first 
year of residence. At least two years of residence are required of 
candidates for the degree of Ph.D. or S.D. The only variation 
from this rule is in the case of graduates of Harvard College or 
of the Scientific School who study in part outside of Cambridge 
under guidance of members of the Faculty. For them one of the two 
years of residence, but not of systematic work, is sometimes remitted 
on the ground of their previous residence. Every candidate for the 
degree of S.D. (except such as hold the two degrees of A.B. and 
S.B. from this University) is compelled to devote a third year to 
study or research, but it need not be spent in Cambridge. The 
degree of Ph.D. or S.D. is not given to every candidate who studies 
faithfully the required number of years or in fulfilment of a deter- 
minate programme. A thesis showing original treatment of an ap- 
proved subject, or giving evidence of independent research, and 
thorough examinations on a broad and connected field of study, are 
the final tests of the candidate's fitness to receiv^e one of these sig- 
nificant and valued degrees. If by these tests he is found wanting, 
his term of study must be prolonged or his hopes of attaining the 
degree relinquished. Detailed statements regarding the requirements 
for the degrees of A.M., Ph.D., and S.D. are to be found in the 
Graduate School pamphlet, which can be obtained on application to 
the Secretary. 

During the years from 1880 to 1890, students from 78 different 
American and foreign colleges and universities were admitted to the 
Graduate School. During the present year 59 institutions are repre- 
sented in the Scho6l. 

The aggregate annual value of the fellowships and scholarships 
assignable to students in the Graduate School is $21,850. Details 
regarding these aids will be found in the Graduate School pamphlet. 
They must be applied for before March 31. Applications from per- 
sons not already members of the University should be accompanied 
by testimonials from instructors, original publications, and any sim- 
ilar material which will supply evidence of the candidate's fitness for 
appointment. No preference is given to graduates of Harvard Uni- 
versity except in a few cases where such preference is required by the 
terms of the foundation of the fellowship or scholarship. In some 



29 

cases the preference is given to persons not graduates of Harvard 
University, or who have first been graduated at some other college. 

In order that any year in the Graduate School may be counted as 
a year of residence, registration should take place as earl}' as the last 
Thursday in September, at the opening of the academic year. But 
students are admitted to the Graduate School at any time in the 
year ; the conditions of their registration being fixed in each casg by 
the Administrative Board. 

The Graduate School has recently been reorganized under the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences in such a manner as to bring it forward 
as an important department from the point of view of liberal learning, 
and to put it in relations of mutual support with the College and 
Scientific School, so that it will now enjo}', far more satisfactorily than 
heretofore, its full share of the attention of the instructors and of the 
life of the University. The opportunities for advanced study which 
it offers should be carefully considered by persons who desire to 
carry their scholarship beyond the point reached by the college grad- 
uate. Young men who are looking to careers as teachers, journalists, 
writers, economists, and legislators, or in any other literary or purely 
scientific profession, ought, if possible, to devote a year or two to 
systematic study in such higher fields of learning as they wish to 
qualify themselves to cultivate in the best manner. It is no longer 
true that a mere college education is enough in this country to pre- 
pare a man for good, intellectual work in his generation, without 
some higher and more special training. The Graduate School may 
be regarded as the professional department for the literary and purely 
scientific professions ; and the growth of its numbers in the past few 
years indicates that it is beginning to take its proper place, from that 
point of view, in the general estimation. 

All the privileges of students in the Universit}- are open to a 
member of the Graduate School. He may, under suitable and lib- 
eral conditions, enjoy the use of the various libraries, laboratories, 
and museums of the University ; he may take courses in any of its 
departments without extra payment ; he may attend its public lec- 
tures and readings ; he may use the Gymnasium and Athletic 
Grounds ; he may be admitted to the Dining Hall, the Foxcroft 
Club, etc. ; he may obtain a college room ; he may be elected into 
the students' societies and the departmental clubs ; he may gain 
access to valuable libraries and collections in the neighborhood of 
the University. If a zealous and competent student, he will find 
every provision made for his advancement which the ample resources 
of the University permit. 



30 



THE DIVINITY SCHOOL. 

The Harvard Divinity School is non-sectarian, its Constitution 
prescribing that "every encouragement be given to the serious, im- 
partial, and unbiased investigation of Christian truth, and that no 
assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of Christians shall be 
required either of the instructors or students." The Baptist, Con- 
gregational and Unitarian denominations are represented in its 
Faculty. It admits to its classes as candidates for the degree of 
D.B. only persons who have received the degree of A.B., or who 
satisf}^ the Faculty that their education has been equal to that of 
graduates of the best New England colleges. Persons not candi- 
dates for the degree of D.B. may be admitted as special students on 
examination in Latin and Greek. Students can be admitted to ad- 
vanced standing only on examination, except that graduates of other 
theological schools who have received the degree of A.B. and who 
bring evidence of high standing, may be admitted to the Senior class 
without examination. Graduates of other theological schools, not 
candidates for the degree of D.B., may be admitted as resident grad- 
uates. Such students are encouraged to do independent work in any 
department of theological study and may take part in any of the 
exercises of the School. The degree of D.B. is given to successful 
candidates after a residence of three years, to which a 3^ear of post- 
graduate study may be added. The instruction of the School includes 
courses in Hebrew, Jewish and Classical Aramaic, The History of 
Israel both Political and Religious, New Testament Introduction, 
Criticism and Interpretation, Church History and the Histor}' of Doc- 
trine, The Philosophy of Religion, Systematic Theology, Comparative 
Religion, The Ethics of Social Reform, Homiletics, Pastoral Care, 
and Elocution. Its studies are to some extent elective, about fifty 
percent more hours of class-work being offered than are required for 
the degree. Students, except special students, may take courses in 
other departments of the University without charge. The School is 
amply endowed with scholarships and other beneficiary funds, the 
income of which is assigned to graduate and other students without 
regard to denominational differences. A certain grade of scholarship 
must, however, be reached in order that such help may be received. 
Its students have included since 1885 graduates of the following 56 
colleges and 22 schools of theology. Those marked with an asterisk 
are represented in the School the current year, 1891-92. 



31 





Colleges. 




Alleghany, 


Iowa, 


Trinity (Conn.), 


Amherst, 


Johns Hopkins, 


♦Trinity (N. C), 


*Antioch, 


♦Knox, 


Tufts, 


Bates, 


Lebanon Valley, 


University of Chicago, 


♦Boston Uniyersity, 


London University, 


" Georgia, 


♦Bowdoin, 


McGill, 


" " ♦Indiana, 


Brown, 


♦Maine State, 


" " Kansas, 


Canton, 


Mt. Allison, 


" " ♦Michigan, 


*City of New York, 


Mt. Union, 


" ♦Nebraska, 


*Colby, 


♦Oberlin, 


" N. Carolina, 


Columbia, 


♦Ohio State, 


" " Vermont, 


♦Dalhousie, 


Olivet, 


" "Washington, 


♦Doshisha (Japan), 


Ottawa, 


" " *Wiscon in. 


Denver, 


Owens, 


"Washington University 


De Pauw, 


Pennsylvania, 


(Missouri), 


♦Harvard, 


♦Princeton, 


Western, 


♦Haverford, 


Racine, 


Williams, 


Hillsdale, 


♦St. Francis Xavier, 


Wooster, 


Illinois Wesleyan, 


St. Stephen's, 


Yale, 




Theological Seminaries. 


Andover, 


♦Halifax, 


Princeton, 


♦Bangor, 


Hillsdale, 


South Baptist, 


Boston, 


♦Meadville, 


Tufts, 


♦Cambridge Episcopal, 


Methodist College, 


Union, 


Canton, 


Belfast (Ireland), 


Western, 


♦Chicago Baptist, 


Newton, 


♦Yale. 


♦Doshisha (Japan), 


♦Oberlin, 





♦General Theo. Seminary, ♦Pacific Theo. Seminary, 



For several years the number of resident graduate students in the 
School has been increasing. The wide range of studies offered by 
the School, the privilege of attending courses in other departments of 
the University without extra charge, the opportunities to secure ample 
pecuniary aid, and the fact that men of all creeds meet in this School 
on equal terms, animated by a single purpose, are causes which effec- 
tively combine to stimulate this increase. The tuition fee charged in 
the School is $50, or only one third of the fee charged under the 
Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The two Williams Fellowships of 
S500 each, open to resident graduate students in the School, are among 
the most effective aids to advanced theological work in this country. 
They may be held by distinguished graduates of any school of Theol- 
ogy who intend to enter the Christian ministry. 



32 



THE LAW SCHOOL. 

The course for the degree of Bachelor of Laws is three years in 
length. Instruction is given in the following subjects : Torts, Crim- 
inal Law, Contracts, Real Property, Common Law Pleading, Equity 
Pleading and Jurisdiction, Bills and Notes, Evidence, Sales, Trusts, 
Agency, Carriers, Partnership, Corporations, Suretyship and Mort- 
gage, Patent Law, Constitutional Law, Massachusetts Law and 
Practice. The method of instruction applied in the School is singu- 
larly effective. Principles are learned not by memorizing the pages 
of text-books, but by analyzing leading English and American 
cases which include in their decisions and dicta the living body of 
the law. A student of abilitj' who spends three years of intelli- 
gent effort in the School is equipped, except in one particular, 
for active professional labor in any part of the Union. The ex- 
ception is the practice and statute law of his own State, but his 
familiarit}^ with the fundamental principles of law makes the task of 
mastering local practice comparatively easy. Honor graduates of 
the School are certain to receive invitations to enter leading Law 
offices in various parts of the country. During the ten years from 
1880 to 1890, 475 graduates of Harvard and 249 graduates of other 
colleges attended the School. To gain admission to candidacy for 
the degree of LL.B. a student is required, on entering, either to show 
that he is a graduate of a college or scientific school of good standing, 
or to pass creditable examinations in Blackstone's Commentaries and 
in either Latin, French, or German. Special students are required 
to meet the same tests. A limited number of scholarships are 
assigned each year to needy students of at least one year's standing 
whose rank seems to justify giving them assistance. 

The most promising students of each class are elected members of 
the Law Clubs, several of which have been in existence in the School 
for many j-ears, and include in their lists of former members jurists 
of national and local reputation. These clubs are most useful aux- 
iliaries to regular work, requiring their members to prepare and 
argue each week cases illustrating the most difficult problems under 
discussion in the lecture-rooms. The members of the Faculty and 
other instructors, nine in number, reside near the School and almost 
without exception devote their entire time to the work of the School 
and the personal needs of the students. The regular course of study 



33 



for the degree of LL.B. calls for ten hours a week in the lecture- 
rooms during the first 3'ear, ten during the second, and eight during 
the third. For tl\e Honor degree ten hours are required in the third 
year. The average student of merit works seven or eight hours a 
day in the School including his lecture hours. Examinations are held 
in June on the work of the year. Only students of great promise are 
admitted to the Honor degree. 

At least two full years of residence are required of every candidate 
for the degree. Sometimes students pass advanced-standing exami- 
nations and enter at the beginning of the second year. Sometimes 
they omit residence in the second year — taking the examinations, 
however, at the usual time — and sometimes they leave the School at 
the end of the second year and return to take the third-year examina- 
tions at the end of that jear. Graduates of Harvard or of other 
colleges who have had their degrees approved by the Faculty of Arts 
and Sciences, and who are not candidates for the degree of LL.B., 
may obtain the degree of Master of Arts after one year's satisfactory 
study in the School, or may take a part of their work in the School 
and the remainder in the Graduate School. 

Up to July, 1891, 2376 persons had been graduated from the Law 
School. Austin Hall, first occupied by the School in 1883, is archi- 
tecturally one of the most satisfactory buildings in Cambridge. 

The folio wirPg table exhibits the attendance at the School during 
the last twent3'-one years : — 



Year. 


Whole no. of stu- 
dents. 


No. present during 
the whole year. 


No. present only 
part of the year. 


Average num- 
ber. 


1870-71 


165 


107 


58 


136 


1871-72 


138 


107 


31 


123 


1872-73 


117 


109 


8 


113 


1873-74 


141 


121 


20 


131 


1874-75 


144 


130 


14 


137 


1875-76 


173 


153 


20 


163 


1876-77 


199 


168 


31 


184 


1877-78 


196 


172 


24 


183 


1878-79 


169 


137 


32 


154 


1879-80 


177 


138 


39 


157 


1880-81 


161 


136 


25 


149 


1881-82 


161 


139 


22 


146 


1882-83 


138 


120 


18 


129 


1883-84 


150 


130 


20 


140 


1884-85 


156 


139 


17 


148 


1885-86 


158 


142 


16 


151 


1886-87 


188 


160 


28 


174 


1887-88 


225 


197 


28 


211 


1888-89 . 


225 


198 


27 


212 


1889-90 


262 


229 


33 


245 


1890-91 


285 


255 


30 


272 



34 



THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 

The Harvard Medical School is situated on Boylston Street, Boston, 
in a building completed in 1883 at a total cost, including land, of 
$321,415.62. The Sears Laboratories of Pathology and Bacteriology, 
completed in 1890 at a cost of $35,000, are connected with the School 
building. The Medical department is the largest of the professional 
schools of the University and one of the oldest, having given degrees 
since 1788. In all it has graduated 3180 persons. At present it 
gives the degree of M.D. after either three or four years of successful 
study and examination. After the beginning of the academic year 
1892-93, the required course of study will be a graded course covering 
four years. Graduates of colleges, scientific schools, or medical 
schools are admitted to the School without examination. Non-gradu- 
ates are required to pass in the following subjects: English, Latin, 
physics, and also in either French, German, algebra, plane geometry, 
or botany. 

The standard of the School is high, its examinations are severe, 
and its facilities of all kinds great. The Boston hospitals, noted 
for their model administration, are in close sympathy with the 
School, and draw upon its best graduates for services of a mutually 
advantageous kind. The School employs 22 professors and assistant 
professors and 48 other instructors and lecturers, many of whom 
are specialists of reputation. The School has a moderate number 
of scholarships and other pecuniary aids in its gift which are given 
only upon clear proof of merit. In addition to its regular instruc- 
tion leading to the degree of M.D., the School offers graduate 
instruction of a grade heretofore usually sought for only in British 
or Continental schools. This instruction is wholly distinct from the 
undergraduate instruction in the School and is arranged in courses 
lasting about eight weeks each and designed to accommodate practi- 
tioners whose residence is necessarily brief. Certificates of attendance 
are issued to those who have taken these courses. The School offers 
summer instruction of a nature particularly suited for graduates whose 
opportunities for study have not been great, or who have had no 
chances to profit by hospital practice. The summer courses are 
clinical in character and are given in hospitals and dispensaries by 
the surgeons on duty in them, and in the School laboratories by the 
oflScers in charge. Details regarding any of the instruction offered 
by the School ma}' be obtained from the Dean or the Secretary of the 
Medical School, Boylston Street, Boston. 



35 



THE DENTAL SCHOOL. 

Being closely connected with the Medical School and dependent 
upon hospital and infirmar}' work to be secured only in the midst 
of a large city, the Dental School is situated in Boston. It occu- 
pies the building on North Grove Street for many years used by 
the Medical School. To enter the School a candidate who has 
not passed an examination for admission to the College or the 
Scientific School of the Universitj', or who has not already taken a 
degree in arts, letters, science, or medicine, must pass an examination 
in English, physics, and either Latin, French, German, algebra, or 
plane geometry. Admission to advanced standing is granted upon 
satisfactory grounds. 

The coarse for the degree of the Doctor of Dental Medicine is a 
graded one, covering three continuous years. The first is identical 
with that in the Medical School. Instruction is given in anatomy, 
physiology, general chemistry, dental patholog}', oral anatomy and 
physiology, neurology, dental chemistry, dental materia medica 
and therapeutics, surgery and surgical pathology, and operative and 
mechanical dentistry. Thirty persons take part in the instruction of 
the School, which is thorough and exhaustive. No one can secure 
the degree who has not studied medicine or dentistry three full years 
and passed the required examinations of the School. The Infirmary 
and laborator}' practice afforded by the School is invaluable. The 
Infirmary remains open during the summer and one of the clinical 
instructors and a demonstrator are in attendance daily. Students 
have access to the Boston hospitals, and to the dissecting-rooms and 
museum of the Medical School. 

The diploma of the School is accepted by the English Board of 
Registration under the Dental Act, so that graduates of the School 
who are not British subjects can practice dentistry in Great Britain 
without further examination. Board and lodging are obtainable in 
Boston at from five dollars a week upwards. 

The School granted its first degree in 1869, and since that time has 
graduated over two hundred persons. Its graduates are practising in 
a majority of the northern and western States, in Canada, in most of 
the principal countries of Europe, in Australia, Japan, the West In- 
dies, and South America. 



36 



THE SCHOOL OF YETEIimARY MEDICINE. 

The School of Veterinary Medicine was founded in 1882. It has 
already rendered a service to the country in being among the first to 
introduce a graded course of study of the kind long in force in the 
best European schools. This change may be said to have put the 
modern science of veterinary medicine upon a secure foundation in 
America, 

Entrance to its classes is guarded by admission examinations in 
English, arithmetic, and in either French, German, Latin, algebra, 
plane geometry, or zoolog3^ 

Its course extends over three years of about nine months each, and 
is in detail as follows : — 

For the first year : Anatomy, physiology, general chemistry, and 
botany. 

For the second year : Advanced anatomy, practical anatomy, medi- 
cal chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, pathological anatomy, 
surgical pathology, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, clini- 
cal medicine, and clinical surgery. 

For the third 3'ear : Warranty and evidence, veterinary therapeutics, 
obstetrics, theory' and practice of veterinary medicine, cattle practice, 
operative veterinar}^ surgery, ophthalmology, parasites and parasitic 
diseases, clinical medicine, and clinical surgery. 

The instructors in the School number 22 persons ; and where the sub- 
jects are common to all branches of medicine, the instructors in them 
are drawn from among the members of the Medical Faculty of the 
Universit3\ The School has no scholarships. In order to be in the 
centre of a large and busy community, the School and its Hospital 
are situated in Boston, where, in buildings erected particularly for its 
uses, all purely veterinary instruction is given. The School building 
contains a lecture-room seating one hundred persons ; a reading- 
room ; a dissecting-room ; and a museum. Adjoining is a Hospital 
building with accommodations for thirty-eight horses and a large 
number of dogs ; this space is divided into three wards. The build- 
ing includes also a large operating-room, a pharmacj^ and a forge 
where horses are shod. 

The department, although still comparative!}* small in numbers, is 
effectivel}' constituted and offers opportunities for the study of both 
the theory and practice of veterinary medicine which, it is believed, 
are as yet unapproached in the United States. It has thus far grad- 
uated thirty-three Doctors of Veterinary Medicine, and it now has 
registered over thirty' students. 



37 



THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION. 

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture is situated about five 
miles from the heart of the city on a farm of 200 acres in Jamaica 
Plain, a rural portion of the extended municipality of Boston. In- 
struction is given in agriculture, useful and ornamental gardening and 
stock-raising, and in Botany and Chemistry as applied to those arts. 
The students of the School include persons intending to become farm- 
ers, gardeners, florists, landscape gardeners, managers or stewards of 
large estates, stock raisers, overseers of farms, or owners of rural 
property. 

The admission requirements are nominal as regards students who 
do not purpose to become candidates for a degree. If the degree of 
Bachelor of Science is desired, the candidate must have spent one 
year at the Lawrence Scientific School or give evidence of having 
taken its equivalent elsewhere. He must then study one year at the 
Bussey Institution and later pursue at least one year of advanced 
study there or in other departments of the University and pass exami- 
nations to determine the excellence of his work. Instruction is given 
by lectures and recitations, and by practical exercises in the labora- 
tories, greenhouses, and fields ; every student being taught to make 
experiments, stud}' specimens, and observe for himself. The aim of 
the teacher is to give the student a just idea of the principles upon 
which the arts of agriculture and horticulture depend ; to teach him 
how to make intelligent use of the scientific literature which relates to 
these arts ; and to enable him to put a proper estimate upon those 
kinds of evidence which are obtained by experiments and by the ob- 
servation of natural objects. The tuition-fee of $150 is remitted in 
favor of students of limited means. Intelligent students in need of 
aid are permitted to work for their board and lodging. Those who 
pay the full fee may take courses in other departments of the Uni- 
vsrsity free of charge and enjoy the library and other privileges open 
to students in the Cambridge departments. The small number of 
students at this School assures to all the most careful personal atten- 
tion. 

The School building and grounds are situated upon high land 
commanding views of an attractive country. The groves and park- 
like plantations of the Arnold Arboretum adjoin and partly surround 
the land used by the School. Although so retired, the School is with- 
in easy reach of Boston with its libraries, museums, and galleries ; 
and of Cambridge with its wealth of scientific apparatus. 



38 



THE SUMMER SCHOOLS. 

A week or more after Commencement and the departure of the 
great bod}- of students, a number of short courses or schools are 
opened in the College buildings in Cambridge under the charge of 
instructors in the departments of Chemistry, Phj^sics, Botany, Geol- 
ogy, Bodily Training, etc. These courses are largely attended by 
teachers in colleges and secondary schools ; college students who are 
sufficientl}^ in earnest in their studies to give half of their vacation 
to work, and other persons — women as well as men — who wish to 
avail themselves of the opportunity to use Harvard's wealth of appa- 
ratus in the weeks when it would otherwise be idle. The schools are 
gaining in numbers from year to year. The fees are small and the 
opportunities for individual progress under competent guidance are 
excellent. Detailed circulars about these schools are published early 
everj^ spring and may be obtained from the Secretar}^ Each course 
lasts about six weeks, and occupies the whole time of its students 
during that period. The number of students in the summer schools 
of 1891 was 363. 

During the summer of 1892 the following courses will be given : — • 

Chemistrj', four courses, viz. : Fundamental principles of chemistry ; 
qualitative analysis ; quantitative analysis ; organic chemistry. 

Botan3', two courses, viz. : Vegetable morphology and physiology 
and microscopical anatomy of phaenogams ; cryptogamic botany. 

Physics, two courses. 

Geology, three courses. 

Engineering, three courses, viz. : Topographical surveying ; railway 
surveying ; electrical engineering. 

Physical Culture, two courses. 

Physiology and Hygiene. 

American Histor}^ 

Socialism and Social Problems. 

Trigonometry. 

Horticulture. 

English. 

German, two courses. 

French, two courses. 

History and Art of Teaching. 

Courses at the Medical School. 



39 



THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY. 

The Observatory is situated upon a small hill about half a mile 
northwest of the principal University buildings. Its grounds embrace 
7J acres and contain nine buildings belonging to this depart- 
ment. The main building includes the residence of the Director, the 
library, various computing rooms, the 15-inch and 6-inch equatorials 
and 8-inch transit circle. One of the smaller buildings contains a 
photographic laboratorj' ; the others contain apparatus, including pho- 
tographic telescopes of the respective apertures 12, 11, and 8 inches, 
and a reflector 28 inches in aperture. Nearly all of these instrunients 
are in constant use, two of the photographic telescopes being used 
throughout the whole of every clear night. 

In addition to observations conducted in Cambridge, the Observa- 
tory has recently been maintaining a series of observations in South- 
ern California and in Peru. Additional work in Peru is being carried 
on by a new expedition. The work undertaken in Peru is designed 
to complete investigations begun at Cambridge by extending them to 
the parts of the sky invisible at northern stations. It includes pho- 
tometric measurements of the light of the stars, photographic charts 
of their places, and photographs of their spectra. 

The reduction of the results of the observations in Cambridge, 
California, and Peru employs a force of about forty persons at the 
Cambridge buildings, and it is in computation and work upon photo- 
graphic plates as well as in certain kinds of observing that approved 
students are sometimes emploj^ed under Professor Pickering's direc- 
tion. Competent students needing pecuniary aid are given allowances 
varying from $200 to $500 a year for their services, but the work for 
which they are paid affords a low order of scientific training and 
leaves little time for other study. 

The instruction in astronomy oflfered by the University is not given 
at the Observatory, but facilities are freely offered astronomers for 
making use of the Observator}' library, buildings, grounds, and in- 
struments so far as it can be done without interfering with regular 
work. Similar opportunities are sometimes offered to special students 
in astronomy, but the constant employment of the instruments greatly 
limits such use. Persons wishing to study astronomy in Cambridge, 
or to obtain employment at the Observatory in connection with their 
studies under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, are advised to cor- 
respond with the Secretary several months before the opening of the 
academic year. 



40 



THE UNIVERSITY LIBEAEY. 

The University Library contains about 400,000 bound volumes and 
over 300,000 unbound maps and pamphlets. It is the largest 
of the university libraries of the country. Its increase is rapid. 
In 1879 it gained 10,389 volumes ; in 1885, 14,558; in 1888, 16,468. 
It is not all grouped in Gore Hall, its main building ; volumes 
relating to professional work being placed in the Professional 
School buildings, while many in immediate demand in the classical 
department, the philosophical department, the historical department, 
and similar centres of activity are placed within eas}' reach of the 
class-rooms of those departments. The Library is conducted upon 
the most modern and approved methods, and its primary aim is to 
meet all immediate demands in the shortest possible time. It is 
catalogued by cards — first by authors, second bj^ subjects. Delivery, 
considering the size of the collection and its steady and rapid growth, 
is singularly prompt. The possession of ample funds for the pur- 
chase of new books as fast as needed for effective instruction is one 
of the strongest features of the Library. Its total annual expendi- 
tures closely approach $50,000. The efficienc}^ of the Library man- 
agement is shown by the number of those who use it and by the 
number of volumes lent. In 1888-89 over 80,000 volumes were lent 
to individuals. Of the Seniors in College in the same year, 97% 
used the Library as borrowers; of Juniors, 99% ; and other classes 
to a less degree. Fifteen years ago only 57% of students in College 
used the Library as borrowers. The elective system deserves a part 
of the credit for this increased use of original authorities. The mere 
note-taking or text-book studying student is now the exception where 
he used to be the rule. 

The following table shows the distribution of bound volumes in the 
several libraries : — 

Gore Hall 296,000 

Laboratory, class-room, and office libraries .... 8,000 

Lawrence Scientific School 3,000 

Divinity School 24,000 

Law School 27,000 

Medical School 2,000 

Bussey Institution *..... 3,000 

Observatory 7,000 

Botanic Garden . • 6,000 

Museum of Comparative Zoology 23,000 

Peabody Museum 1,000 

400,000 



41 



THE LABORATOEIES. 

The principal laboratories in Cambridge are the Boylston Chemical 
Laboratory, built in 1857 and enlarged in 1870 ; the Jefferson Phys- 
ical Laboratory, completed in 1884 at a cost of $115,000; and the 
laboratories in the University Museum building, which include ample 
and separate accommodations for the departments of Zoology, Paleon- 
tology, Geology, Geography, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Botan}^ 
The portion of the Museum building occupied by the laboratories and 
lecture-rooms of these departments has a floor space of over an acre. 
The Peabody Museum contains a laboratory for anthropological and 
archaeological research. Boylston Hall now contains six large chem- 
ical laboratories and a number of private rooms for instructors. The 
largest working-room has places for 100 students. It is especially- 
devoted to qualitative and descriptive work. That next in size has 
64 places. In all 250 working tables are provided, ofi» which one half 
are occupied b}- two students each, having separate lockers, and 
working at different hours. The new Boylston lecture-room has 
seats for 500 persons. The Jefferson Physical Laboratorj^ is four 
stories high and 210 feet long. It has the most ample accommoda- 
tions for both large and small classes, and for individual work, 
free from interrupti(4n. In the basement and first story stone tables 
resting upon separate columns of masonry furnish firm support for 
instruments in use. In the western end of the building a large rec- 
tangular tower stands on an independent foundation and has no 
contact with surrounding rooms. In it are conducted experiments 
requiring extraordinary stability or a great height — as for example, 
in Foucault's pendulum experiment. By a simple device nearly 
the entire length of the building may be used in experiments for 
testing the velocity of light. In the wing where magnetic experi- 
ments are tried there is no iron in the wood-work or masonry of the 
building. New apparatus is procured and the general running ex- 
penses of this Laboratory are in large part paid from a permanent 
income derived from invested funds. 

The new laborator}- of the department of Psychology occupies 
rooms in Dane Hall. 

The laboratories of the Medical, Dental, and Veterinary Schools, 
and the School of Agriculture and Horticulture, are of a size equal 
to the needs of those departments. The year 1889-90 saw the com- 
pletion, at a cost of $35,000, of the Sears Laboratories for pathology 
and bacteriology. They form an important portion of the equipment 
of the Medical School. 



42 



THE MUSEUMS. 

The magnitude of the museums of the University is illustrated by 
the fact that the University Museum alone contains four acres of 
floor space. It includes the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Natural 
History Laboratories of Zoology, Paleontology, Geology, and Geog- 
raphy, and the Museums of Mineralogy and Botany. The portion 
of the building devoted to Comparative Zoology and the laboratories 
named cost $450,000. The section occupied by the Botanical Museum 
cost $75,000 and that occupied by the Mineralogical Museum $50,000. 

The original scheme for this Museum was proposed by Professor 
Louis Agassiz in 1859. Its realization is in great part the work of 
his son Alexander Agassiz, the present Curator of the Museum. 

In an adjoining building, having a floor area of 29,828 square feet 
(not including basement and attic) , are the Peabody Museum of 
American Arcliaeology and Ethnology and the Semitic Museum. 
The latter will in time be removed to other quarters. The Fine Arts 
collections are in part in the rooms of the department of Fine Arts 
in Sever Hall and in part in the Museum of Fine Arts, Cople}^ Sq., 
Boston. The collection of coins and medals belonging to tlie Uni- 
versity is kept in Gore Hall. The Anatomical Museum is placed in 
the Medical School building on Boylston St., Boston. The Museum 
of the Dental School is in the School buihling on North Grove St., 
and that of the School of Veterinary Medicine is in the Veterinary 
Hospital building on Village St., Boston. The Arboretum Museum 
is to be placed in the new Hunnewell building. The actual cost of 
the collections in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has been over 
$350,000. The collections are in part open to the public. The first 
of the exhibition-rooms open to the public is the Synoptic Room, in 
which the entire animal kingdom is summarized in a compact collec- 
tion of distinctive types. Beyond this are the systematic collections 
of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes, MoUusks, Crustacea and In- 
sects, Radiates, Sponges, and Protozoa. Finally, there are the rooms 
devoted to faunal areas, including those of North and South America, 
Europe, the Indo-Asiatic, the African, the Australian, and the At- 
lantic. The larger parts of the collection are not open to the public, 
but are in constant use by oflScers or competent students of the 
University engaged in research. 

The collections in the Botanical Museum are not fully arranged 
and are open to the public only in part. When completed, the collec- 
tions will be found to be economic in theory, containing, for example. 



43 

woods, fruits, fibres, etc., as well as a unique and beautiful series of 
glass models of flowers. 

The Mineralogical Collections are in part open to the public. The 
public portions — about one half in amount — are large enough fully 
to illustrate the extent, beauty, and variety of the mineral kingdom. 
Some portions are S3'stematic in arrangement ; others are grouped to 
illustrate striking characteristics of minerals — lustre, for example. 
The collection of meteorites is one of the fiuest in existence. The 
portion of the collections not open to the public consist of systematic 
series grouped for specific and comparative study, and duplicates and 
class-room material continually being used and replaced. The value 
of this collection is great. The meteorites alone represent $30,000 ; 
the whole collection, from $100,000 to $150,000. 

The Peabody Museum is open to the public. It contains large 
archaeological and ethnological collections obtained by systematic 
and thorough explorations of burial-places, caves, shell-heaps, village- 
sites, mounds, and ruins in many parts of North, Central, and South 
America, as well as by extensive examinations of gravel beds, peat 
bogs, and river and other deposits of various geological ages. By 
the arrangement in the Museum of these special collections in their 
geographical sequence, each tells its own storj- in all its details. 

For a comparative study of the archaeology and ethnology of other 
parts of the world two rooms are devoted to collections arranged 
ethnographically. There is also a large anthropological collection, 
including over two thousand human crania and man}' more or less 
complete skeletons. 

The Semitic Museum, founded by Mr. Jacob H. Schiff in 1889, 
occupies temporary quarters in the new part of the Peabod}' Museum. 
Its aim is to furnish materials for illustration of the Semitic instruc- 
tion given in the University and for original investigation, and 
also to show to the general public the place which belongs to the 
Semites in the history of culture. The collection embraces casts of 
many of the most interesting Semitic monuments in the British 
Museum, the Louvre, and the Berlin Museum. Among these are 
Assyrian bas-reliefs from Nineveh and Kalah ; Babylonian statues 
from Tello ; and Phoenician, Hebrew, Moabite, Arabic, Punic, Hittite, 
and Persian monuments, bas-reliefs, and inscriptions. It contains 
also manuscripts, Arabic, Hebrew, and Syriac, and a large number 
of photographs illustrating ancient and modern Semitic life, art, and 
scenery. There are many original clay tablets from Babj'lon, some 
of which are of great interest, and also Semitic coins and other 
objects illustrating the life of the people. It is intended to make the 
collection as complete as possible in material from Palestine illus- 
trating Hebrew history. The Museum will be opened in April, 1891. 



44 



BOTANIC GARDEN, HERBARIA, AND ARBORETUM. 

The Botanic Garden and greenhouses occupy about seven acres 
of land opposite the Observatory grounds. About 6000 species of 
flowering plants are grown for educational purposes, supplying stu- 
dents of Botany who are members of the University with abundant 
material for determination or investigation. The Botanical library 
of 9000 volumes and pamphlets and the University Herbarium are 
contained in one of the buildings belonging to the Garden. The Her- 
barium contains several hundred thousand specimens which are open, 
under the direction of the Curator, to qualified and properly registered 
students. The accessions to the Herbarium in 1889-90 illustrate the 
direction and the rapidity of its growth. The}' included 850 speci- 
mens from Northern Mexico, embracing many new and little-known 
species ; 575 from Canada ; 600 from Porto Rico ; 670 from Bolivia ; 
700 through the Director of the Kew Gardens, mainly from China, 
Tasmania, and Brazil; 126 from Arabia Felix; 300 from South 
Africa ; 240 from Australia ; the entire Thomas P. James collection 
of mosses, and a large part of the George Thurber collections. 

The Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany is placed in the University 
Museum in connection with the Botanical Museum. It contains sev- 
eral hundred thousand specimens, including the Tuckerman collection 
of lichens, having about 75,000 specimens ; the Curtis collection of 
fungi, about equal in magnitude ; and the Farlow collection of algae, 
lichens, and fungi. Competent students who are not members of the 
University may obtain permission to use the Herbarium under proper 
supervision. 

The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey Farm, 
160 acres in extent, in that part of Boston known as West Roxbury. 
It was founded for the purpose of scientific research and experiment 
in Arboriculture, Forestry, and Dendrology, and as an out-door 
museum of trees and shrubs suited to the climate of Massachusetts. 
Open air instruction in arboriculture is given to classes during a part 
of the 3^ear. The living collections are supplemented by others in the 
Herbarium ♦and Museum which are soon to be placed in the large 
building to be erected on the grounds as the gift of Mr. H. Hollis 
Hunnewell. Any one properly qualified to pursue the study of prac- 
tical arboriculture or forestry may be admitted to the Arboretum as a 
student. Details are obtainable from the Director, Professor Charles 
S. Sargent, Brookline, Mass. 



45 



THE RELIGIOUS EXERCISES OF THE UNIVERSITY. 

Harvard University is iu the broadest possible sense uusectariau. 
Its officers, graduates, and students include persons of ever}- shade 
of belief. All its religious exercises are voluntary. Compulsory 
attendance at morning prayers was abolished in 1886, and the 
effect of the change has been good. The regular services are held 
on Sunda}- evenings, every week-day morning in term-time between 
the breakfast hour and the beginning of lectures, and on Thursda}- 
afternoons during the winter. These services are conducted by the 
Plummer Professor of Christian Morals, assisted from time to time 
by five Preachers to the University who are appointed annually by 
the Governing Boards. These preachers have included Rt. Rev. 
Phillips Brooks, D.D., Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D., Rev. 
Lyman Abbott, D.D., and other clergymen of conspicuous ability. 
Every day during term-time the Preacher to the University con- 
ducting services for the time being receives, at stated hours, 
members of the University who desire advice or aid. The man}^ 
hours occupied by these interviews are counted by both parties 
to them as productive of great and lasting good. A portion of 
the time the Sunday evening services are conducted b}- invited 
clergymen from various parts of the country, who are chosen on 
account of their recognized leadership in their localities and de- 
nominations. Among those holding these services during the past 
few years have been the Rev. Dr. McCosh of Princeton, N. J., Rev. 
Dr. W. R. Huntington of New York, Rev. Dr. Munger of New 
Haven, Rt. Rev. H. C. Potter of New York, Rev. Dr. Fisher of New 
Haven, Rev. President Hyde of Brunswick, Rev. Dr. McYickar of 
Philadelphia, Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover, Rt. Rev. T. U. 
Dudley of Kentucky, Rev. President Andrews of Providence, Pro- 
fessor Henry Drummond of Glasgow, and Mr. Mood}- the evangelist. 

The Preachers to the University publish a brief pamphlet describ- 
ing the religious work of the year which may be obtained on applica- 
tion. It bears witness to the fact that religious life in the University 
is healthy and active. 

In the Harvard Divinity School weekly debates and conferences 
are held on Wednesday afternoons, and preaching services on Friday 
evenings. 

During the last academic year a series of Tuesday evening Col- 
lege Conferences on the literary, ethical, and religious aspects of 
the Bible were held. Among the subjects chosen were the fol- 



46 

lowing: "The Literary Aspect of the English Bible," Professor 
Kittredge ; " Tlie Bible and the Sacred Books of the East," Pro- 
fessor Everett; "The Bible in its relation to Modern Problems," 
Rev. L3'man Abbott ; " The Development of the Hebrew Religion," 
Professor Toy. 

Among the subjects of the Conferences in 1888 and 1889 were the 
following: "College Responsibility," Rev. Phillips Brooks, D.D. ; 
"College Public Opinion," President Eliot; "The Recovery of 
Religious Enthusiasm," Rev. Professor Tucker of Andover ; "The 
Belief in Immortality," Rev. Professor Everett; "Public Life," 
Hon. Theo. Roosevelt of New York; "Problems of Charity in a 
Large City," A. T. White, Esq., of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; and a series 
of addresses on " The Choice of a Profession" by eminent members 
of the various learned professions. 

The religious societies of the University are the Harvard Y.M.C.A. 
(formerly known as the Society of Christian Brethren), the St. 
Paul's Society, the Oxford Club, and the Harvard Religious Union. 
They have numerous members. Many members of the University 
engage actively in charity work in Boston and Cambridge, fields in 
which ample opportunity is offered for effort of this kind. 

There are in Cambridge or its immediate vicinity theological semi- 
naries of at least five of the leading evangelical denominations. 

In addition to the opportunities for voluntary worship in the 
University Cliapel, seats are provided for students, at the expense of 
the College, in many churches of different denominations situated 
near the College buildings. 

The following extract from a magazine article published recently 
by a young man who came to Harvard from another college, illustrates 
student opinion of the moral condition of the University : " It is only 
the outgrowth of tendencies planted in the school and the home. If 
boys come from sensible homes and schools to Harvard, they will find 
it a place unexcelled in developing influences and opportunities. In 
every case the choice of what the man will be must rest with the man 
himself." 



47 



THE LECTUKE-EOOMS AND THEIR USES. 

All the Professional Schools of the University have separate 
buildings devoted exchisively to their own uses, and their buildings 
have ample lecture-room accommodations. The Lawrence Scientific 
School has a building of its own containing 19 lecture-rooms and 
work shops. Its students also work much of their time in the labora- 
tories and museums. The College and Graduate School together 
occupy lecture-rooms in nine buildings, 80 rooms in all being in 
constant use. A few of these rooms seat between four and six 
hundred students at once, but most of them are adapted to classes 
of 20, 40, 70, or 125 each. Small classes are one- feature of the 
elective system. The largest of the lecture-halls of the University 
is Sanders Theatre, which seats 1400 persons. The Commencement- 
Day exercises are held in it, as well as many evening concerts, 
lectures, and readings. 

The number of evening lectures, seminary meetings, conferences, 
concerts, and readings is large, students often having their choice, 
in a single evening, of four or five such auxiliaries to regular work. 
The lecturers, while often members of one of the University Facul- 
ties, are quite as likely to be distinguished visitors from abroad or 
from some other centre of American culture. Most of the speakers 
come as the guests of student societies like the Classical Club, the 
Keform Club, the Deutscher Yerein, or the Total Abstinence 
League ; but the University often invites eminent scholars to deliver 
courses of public lectures, as for example. Professor Lanciani in 
1886 and Hon. David A. Wells in 1889. A series of eight instru- 
mental concerts is given each winter, in Sanders Theatre, by the 
Boston Symphony Orchestra. The best music is performed at these 
concerts. During the winter of 1890-91 the number of public evening 
lectures and similar appointments in the University lecture-rooms 
was over a hundred, the audiences in some instances exceeding a 
thousand. 

Societies like the Harvard Union, the Republican Club, the Pierian 
Sodality and Glee Club, the Harvard Y. M. C. A. and others which 
are representative of student activity in economic, literary, musical 
or religious ways make frequent evening use of the lecture-rooms at 
the times of their stated meetings. It is the policy of the University 
to allow the free use of its rooms by student societies which are 
not simply social in their character, or unrepresentative in their 
membership. 



48 



THE ATHLETIC BUILDINGS AND FIELDS. 

The Universit}' has four builcliDgs devoted wholly to athletic pur- 
poses — the Hemeoway Gymnasium, the Carey Athletic Building, 
the University Boat House, and the Weld Boat House. The Hem- 
enway Gj'mnasium, built in 1879, has — allowing for the reasonable 
coming and going of individuals — accommodations for between 2000 
and 3000 students. As regards size, strength, and variety of its 
apparatus and completeness of its appointments, the Gymnasium 
supplies every desire of the indoor athlete. For members of the 
University and class crews, nines and elevens, the Carey Athletic 
Building, having a floor area of 7848 square feet, gives peculiar 
accommodations. For the crews there is a tank containing a fixed 
boat, around which passes a current of water. For the nines 
there are rooms in which indoor practice in pitching and batting is 
made easy. Earty in the autumn the elevens use a room with an 
earth floor, which gives opportunities for drill in dodging, tackling, 
and passing the ball. The same room is available for practice in 
jumping, vaulting, and similar exercises. Of the two boat-houses, 
the University is for the regular crews, and is arranged to hold their 
long shells used in races. Its floor space is G893 square feet. The 
Weld Boat House is for the use of any students who enjoy rowing. 
It contains boats of various kinds suflScient for 300 persons. All 
students using the athletic buildings are closely supervised and 
allowed to take only proper kinds and amounts of exercise. The 
Director of the Gj'mnasium is a physician and an expert in physical 
development. The outdoor sports of the students requiring fields 
for play are accommodated on Jarvis Field (five acres) , Holmes 
Field (five acres), Norton Field (seven acres), and the Soldier's Field 
(twenty-seven acres) . The latter is not yet in use, but has suflScient 
area to meet the demands of a very large number of students. The 
athletic fields now in use have stands and benches erected around 
them sufficient to seat about 6000 persons. 

The Soldier's Field was given to the University in 1890 by Major 
Henry L. Higginson of Boston in memory of friends who served in 
the Civil War. In time it will become the principal athletic field of 
the students. It is situated on the south side of the Charles River, 
opposite Old Cambridge, and adjoins the extensive marshes once 
owned by Mr. Longfellow and given by him to the University. 



49 



PRIZES. 

The money prizes offered anaually in the various departments of 
the University amount to $2755. They are as follows : — 

Nine Bowdoin prizes, varying from $50 to $100 each, for disserta- 
tions upon announced economic, classical, or scientific subjects, or 
for translations of set passages of English into Latin or Greek prose. 
These are open wholl}^ or in part to students in the Graduate School, 
the College, the Scientific School, and other parts of the University. 

Five Bo3^1ston prizes, three of $45 each and two of $60 each, for 
excellence in elocution, open to Seniors and Juniors in the College. 

The Sargent prize of $100, for the best metrical translation of an 
ode of Horace, open to students in the undergraduate department. 

The Sumner prize of $100, for the best dissertation on a subject 
connected with the topic of Universal Peace, open to all departments. 

The Toppan prize of $150, for the best essay on a selected subject 
in Political Science, open to graduates of three years' standing and 
to students in the Graduate and Professional Schools. 

The Chauncey Wright prize of $25, for the best mathematical thesis 
on an announced subject, open to Juniors, Seniors, and graduates. 

The Dante prize of $100, for the best essay on a subject drawn 
from the life or works of Dante, open to students in any department 
and to graduates of not more than three years' standing. 

The George B. Sohier prize of $250, for the best thesis presented 
by an approved candidate for Honors in English or modern literature. 

The Paine prizes, two of $100 each, for the best essays by any 
students of the University on the ethical aspect of social questions ; 
for example, labor problems, productive cooperation, etc. 

The Semitic prizes, two of $100 each, open to students in the 
Semitic Languages. 

The Harvard Law School Association prize of $100, for the best 
essay upon a selected subject in law, open to third-jear students in 
the Law School. 

The Boylston Medical prizes, two prizes of one or two hundred 
dollars each, upon announced subjects in medical science, open to 
pubiic competition. 

The Porter prize of $50, for the best dissection deserving the 
award illustrative of surgical anatomy, open to members of the Med- 
ical School and graduates of not more than five years' standing. 

The Otology prize of $25, for the best preparation illustrating the 
osseous anatomy of the ear, or for the best thesis showing original ' 
work on an otological subject, open to third-year students in the 
Medical School. 



/)0 



CONCLUSION. 

This brief surve}^ has shown that Harvard University with its large 
corps of instrnctois; its collections of books, apparatus, and sci- 
entific material ; its activity in the general advancement and diffusion 
of knowledge ; its ability and readiness to aid the poor but promising 
student ; its hospitality towards all scholars, no matter what their 
race or creed, is in fact a true University. 

Although age is too apt to breed unwise conservatism, this Univer- 
sity is more fi'equently assailed for its spirit of progress, and its 
willingness to break with precedent for the sake of truth, than it is 
for its attachment to venerable tradition. It has done its part in 
making the degree of Bachelor of Arts a broader and a higher 
title. It has increased the significance of the degrees of Master of 
Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, and it has been prudent in its 
bestowal of honorary degrees. Having for twenty years steadily 
increased the severity of its requirements for admission and for 
graduation, it is not unwilling to permit capable students to compress 
somewhat the term of residence ordinarily required for the degree of 
Bachelor of Arts, in order that more 3'oung Americans may seek the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts, and that the professional degrees and 
the degrees of Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, and Doctor of 
Science may be taken less late in life by college graduates. Not a 
few who are able to meet in full the requirements for the first degree 
in three years or three years and a half are allowed to do so. All 
who aim to become teachers are encouraged to secure either the 
Master's degree or the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 

In 1871 Harvard University included 1149 students and 116 teach- 
ers. In 1892 it includes 2658 students and 253 teachers. There 
is reason to suppose that this rate of increase may be maintnined. 
The authorities of the University desire it; the alumni are believed 
to be ready to ])rovide such additional endowments as may be needed, 
and the public is alive to the fact that more is to be gained by ex- 
panding an existing institution of merit than by multiplying poorly 
equipped schools. Harvard's equipment is capable of serving many 
more advanced students than now use it. Such students, if qualified 
for advanced work, are welcome not only in the departments of Phi- 
lology, Literature, Political Science, Mathematics, and Philosophy, 
but also in the scientific work-shops of the University — the Observa- 
tory, the Museums, the Herbaria, and the experimental rooms of 
the laboratories. 



51 



Table of Schools and Colleges from which j'oung men actually entered 
Harvard College from 1881 to 1890 inclusive, with the number 
that entered from each institution in each 3-ear. Special students 
are not included. An asterisk (*) indicates a public school, a 
dagger (-f) an endowed school. 



0. 



Acadia College, Wolfville, Nova Scotia . 
fAdams Academy, Quincy 

Adelbert College of W. R. Univ., Cleveland, 

fAdelphi Academy, Brooklyn, N. Y 

tAlbany, ]SI. Y., Academy 

♦Albany, N.Y., High School 

Albion College, Mich 

Alfred, N. Y., University 

Amherst College . 

Andover Theological Seminary 

♦Arlington, Cotting High School 

Atlanta University, Georgia 

♦Auburn, Me.. Edward Little High School. . . . 

♦Auburn, N. Y., High School 

♦Augusta, Me , Cony High School 

Augustana College, Rock Island, 111 

fBarre Academy 

Baugher's Academy, Hanover, Pa 

Belmont School, Belmont, Cal 

Belmont School, Belmont, Mass 

Berkeley Gymnasium, San Francisco, Cal. . . . 

Berkeley School, Boston 

Berkeley School, New York 

Berkeley School, Providence, R. I 

fBerwick Academy, South Berwick, Me 

Bethany College, W. Va 

Boston College 

♦Boston English High School 

♦Boston Latin Scliool 

Boston University 

Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me 

fBrackett Academy, Greenland, N. H 

♦Bridgewater High School 

fBristol Academy, Taunton 

tBromfield School, Harvard 

♦Brookfield High School 

♦Brookline High School 

Brooklyn, N. Y., Latin School . 

Brown, H. H., Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Brown University, Providence, R. I 

Browne & Nichols, Private School, Cambridge . 

Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa 

♦Buffalo, N. Y.,High School 

Buffalo, N. Y., Latin School 

♦Buffalo, N. Y., State Normal School 

fBurr & Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vt. . . . 
♦Cambridge Latin School 



11 



17 



19 



20 



17 



4 

2531 
2 1 



14 



14 



13 



52 





1 


1 


1 

2 

2 


-*• 
1 

• 


1 

2 
2 

i 


* 

2 
2 

1 
3 

\ 

1 

1 
2 

1 


1 

1 
2 

1 

1 

2 
1 

i 

2 

2 

• 

1 

1 

1 


oo 

1 

2 

* 
1 

1 

1 


1 
1 

4 

1 

1 
1 

4 
5 

1 
1 
3 

2 
1 


2 

1 
2 

1 

1 
1 
1 

3 

# 
1 
1 
1 

3 

7 
3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


Carleton College, Northfield, Minp 

♦Castine, Me., Hi"-h School 


Centre College, Danville, Ky 

Chadwick & Pye, Boys' Prep. Sch. , Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Charleston, S C, College of 

Charlier Institute, New York 




3 
3 

2 


Chase, E. H., Private School, Philadelphia, Pa. . 

Chauncy Hall School, Boston 

*Chelsea Hio-h School 




^Chicago, 111., High School 

Christian College, Monmouth, Ore 


*Cincinnati, 0., Hughes High School 

*Cincinnati, 0., ^Voodward Hio"h School .... 




Cleveland, 0., Academy 




*Cleveland, 0., Central High School 

*Cleveland, 0., West High School 






2 
4 


fColby Academy, New London, N. H 




Colby University, Waterville, Me 

College of the City of New York 

College of Emporia, Kan 

College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J 

tCoUegiate andPolytech. Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. . . . 
Columbia College, NcAvYork 




Columbia College School of Mines, New York . 

Columbian University, Washington, D. C. ... 

*Concord Hio"h School 






Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa 

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y 

fCorning, N. Y., Pree Academy 


• 


tCusliing Academy, Ashburnham 

Cutler, A. H., Private School, New York . . . 

Cutler, Edward H., Private School, Newton . . 

Dalhousie College, Halifax, N. S 

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H 

Dearborn Morgan School, Orange, N. J 

*Decatur, 111., High School 


• 


Delaware College, Newark, Del 










Denison University, Granville, 

*Denver, Colo., High School 

fDerby Academv, Hingham 








Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa 

tDickinson High Sch. & Deerfield Acad., Deerfield 
*Dorchester High School 

Drury College, Springfield, Mo 




Dwight School, Ncav York 

fEast Maine Conference Seminary, Bucksport,Me. 

Eayrs, Wm. N., Private School, Boston .... 

*Elkhart, Ind., High School . . .• 

♦Ellsworth, Me., High School 

Emerson Institute, Washington, D. C 

Eminence College, Ky 

Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge . . 
fEton College, England 

Eureka College, Eureka, 111 

♦Everett High School 

Everson, D. S., Collegiate School, New York . 


* 





53 









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^ 




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ou 
















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*Fall River, B. M. C. Durfee High School . . . 




2 












1 


1 


1 


Fish, C. E., Private School, Worcester 


. 
















1 


5 


Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn 


. 














i 






*Fitchburg High School 
















1 




1 


Fort Hill School, Rochester, N. Y 




■ 
• 








*Fort Wayne, Ind., Central Grammar School . . 


1 




















*Framingham High School 




1 






1 










1 


Frankfurt Gymnasium, Germany 




. 












1 






Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa. . 


'l 




















fFriends' Academy, Xew Bedford 


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2 


2 






2 




1 


*Gardner High School 


. 


1 












1 






GeorgetoAvn College, D. C 


j 














\ 






Gibbens and Beach, Private School, Ncav York . 


i 1 


2 


















♦Gloucester High School 




^ 




2 


9| 






1 




3 


Goff, C. B., Engl. & Class. Sch., Providence, R.I. 
















1 






Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa 


1 




















Groton School. Groton 














3 




11 
1 


1 


Grove City College, Pa 












Gunnery School, Washington, Conn 




i 




3 










1 




Hale, Albert, Private School, Boston 


















3 


5 


Hamikon College, Clinton, N. Y 








1 








1 






Hamline University, St. Paul, Minn 


















1 


1 


Hanover College, Ind 






















fHarroAv. England 








fHarrv Hillman Academv, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. . . 




1 




2 




♦Hartford, Conn., High School 




1 












1 






Harvard Graduate Student 








1 








1 






Harvard College Special Student 


i 


5 




9 


6 


14 


17 


2o 


15 


17 


Harvard Divinity School 








1 








1 


1 


2 


Harvard Medical School, Boston 










1 












Harvard School, Chicago, 111 




1 




1 




3 


4 


4 


3 

1 


1 


Harvard Veterinary School, Boston 




Haverford College, Pa 


2 
2 


1 

2 




2 
1 


1 
4 


1 


1 


2 

1 


1 
1 


1 
2 


♦Haverhill High School 


Hill School, Pottstown, Pa 


















1 




♦Hingham High School 








1 
2 






1 


2 






Hobart College, Geneva, N. Y 








Holbrook's Military School, Sing Sing, N. Y. . . 
















1 






Hopkinson, John P., Private School, Boston . . 




14 


14 


18 


10 


19 


28 


19 


9 


15 


Howard College, Marion, Ala 


















2 




Howard University, Washington, D. C 
















1 






♦Hyde Park High School 




1 

1 




2 


1 




2 




1 




♦Hvde Park, 111., High School 




Illinois State Normal University, Normal, 111. . 


Indianapolis, Ind., Classical School 




1 






1 












♦Indianapolis, Ind., High School 










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♦Indiana State Normal School, Indiana, Pa. . . . 




















1 


Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind 




9, 


















Iowa College, Grinnell, Iowa 


. 1 


















2 


fives Seminary, Antwerp, N. Y 














1 








Jarvis Hall, Denver, Colo 










1 








1 




Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. . . . 




1 




1 


♦Kansas City, Mo., High School 




















1 


Kendall, Joshua, Private School, Cambridge , . 


2 


1 




2 


2 




1 






2 


Kentucky Wesleyan College, Millersburg, Ky. . 






















Kenyon College. Gambler, 














1 






1 


Keystone Academy, Factory ville. Pa 




. 






1 












King's School, Stamford, Conn 








• 






1 


1 




1 



54 



Knox College, Galesburg, 111 

Lafayette College, Easton, Pa 

♦Lancaster High School 

fLawrence Academy, Groton 

♦Lawrence High School 

Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge .... 

Lawrence L^niversity, Appleton, Wis 

tLawrenceville School, N. J 

♦Leominster, Field High School 

LeRoy, X. Y., Academy 

♦Lexington High School 

♦Louisville, Ky., Male High School 

♦Lowell High School 

♦Lynn High School 

fMcCollom Institute, Mt. Vernon, N. H 

Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y 

♦Maiden High School 

Marietta College, Ohio 

Mass. Institute of Technology, Boston 

Milwaukee, Wis., Academy 

♦Marlboro' High School 

Marlborough St. School, Boston 

Marston's University School, Baltimore, Md. . . 

Maupin's University School, Ellicott City, Md. . 

♦Medford High School 

♦Melrose High School 

♦Merrimac High School 

♦Methuen High School 

♦Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti .... 

Middleburv College, Vt 

♦Milford High School 

♦Milwaukee, Wis., High School 

Monmouth College, 111 

♦Montclair, IS". J., High School 

♦Montpelier, Vt., High School 

Morse, J. H., Private School, New York .... 

Mt. Allison College, Sackville,N.B 

Mt. Pleasant Military Academy, Sing Sing, N. Y. 

Nashville, Tenn., State Normal College . . . . 

♦Natick High School 

♦Needham High School 

♦Newark, N. J. , High School 

♦Newburyport, Brown High and Putnam Schools . 

fNew Church School, Waltham 

♦Newport, R. I., Rogers High School 

♦NcAvton High School 

NcAvton, N. J., Collegiate Institute 

New York School of Languages ' 

fNichols Academy, Dudley 

Nichols, Wm., Private School, Boston 

Noble, G. W. C, Private School, Boston .... 

♦Northampton High School 

♦North Attleboro' High School 

NorthAvestern University, Evanston, 111 

Oberlin College, Ohio 

Ohio Wesleyan L^niversity, DelaAvare, O 

♦Omaha, Neb., High School 

Park Institute, Rye, N. Y 



12 



55 



♦Pawtucket, R. I., High School 

Peekskill, N. Y., Military Academy .... 

Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa. . . . 

♦Philadelphia, Penn., High School 

fPhillips Academy, Andover 

fPhillips Academy, Exeter, N. H 

Pierce Christian College, College City, Cal. . 

Pine Hill Theological College, Halifax, N. S. 

fPinkerton Academy, Derry, N. H 

*Pittsburg, Pa. , Central High School .... 

♦Portland, Me., High School 

♦Portsmouth, N. H., High School 

Proctor Academy, Andover, N. H 

Pro-Gymnasium, Germany 

♦Providence, R. I., High School 

Ripon College, Wis • . . 

Riverview Academy, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . 
fRochester, N. Y., Free Academy 

Rochester, N. Y., Theological Seminary . . 

♦Romeo, Mich., High School 

+Roxbury Latin School 

Rugby Academy, Philadelphia, Pa 

Sachs' Collegiate Institute, New York . . . 
fSt. Johnsbury, Vt. , Academy 

St. John's College, Fordham, N. Y 

St. John's School, Manlius, N. Y 

fSt. John's School, Presque Isle, Me 

St. John's School, Sing Sing, N. Y 

St. Lawrence University, Canton, N. Y. . . 

tSt. Mark's School, Southboro' 

♦St. Paul, Minn., High School 

fSt. Paul's School, Concord, N. H 

St. Stephen's College, Annandale, N. Y. . . 

♦Salem High School 

♦San Francisco, Cal., Boys' High School . . 

School of the Lackawanna, Scranton, Pa. . 

Shortlidge's Media Academy, Pa 

Skaneateles, N. Y., Union School . . • . . 

Smith Academy, St. Louis, Mo 

♦Somerville High School , 

Southwestern Presb. Univ., Clarksville, Tenn. 

♦Springfield High School 

♦Springfield, 111., High School 

Spring Hill College, near Mobile, Ala. ... 

State College of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. . 

State University of Iowa, Iowa City . . . . , 

Stewart Academy, Reading, Pa 

Swarthmore College, Pa , 

♦Syracuse, N. Y., High School , 

Syracuse University, N. Y 

Tabor Academy, Marion 

♦Taunton High School , 

fThayer Academy, South Braintree , 

Trinity College, Hartford, Conn , 

Trinity School, Tivoli, N. Y 

♦Troy, N.Y., High School 

Tufts College, College Hill 

fUnion Academy, Belleville, N. Y , 



29 



14 



11 



LcrTG. 



56 







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i 


i 


1 


i 


00 


00 


i 


1 


Universite de Trance 




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1 

1 

2 

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2 

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1 

1 

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4 

1 

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3 
1 

2 

1 

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2 

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1 
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1 
2 

36 


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2 

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33 


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1 

3 

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1 
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1 
1 

31 


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1 

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1 
2 

1 

3 
2 

1 

2 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 
1 
2 

3 
3 

1 

2 
4 

1 
2 

54 


University Grammar School, Providence, R. I. . 

University of Alabama, Ala 

University of California, Berkeley, Cal 

University of Chicaffo, 111. ... 




University of Cincinnati, 








University of the City of New York 

University of Des Moines, Iowa 


• 




1 
I 


University of Georgia, Athens, Ga 

University of Illinois, Champaign, 111 

University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kan 

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. . . . 
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B. 

University of Oregon, Eugene City, Ore 

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. . 
University of Rochester, N. Y 


1 




University of State of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn. . . . 

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt 

University of Virginia, Va 

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis 

University of Wooster, 

University School, Chicago, 111 


. 




University School, Petersburg, Va 

University School, San Prancisco, Cal 

Urban School, San Prancisco, Cal 

Utica, N. Y., Academy 

Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn 

fVermont Academy, Saxton's River, Vt 

t Vermont Episcopal Institute, Burlington, Vt. . . 

*Wakefield High School 

*Waltham Hio-h School 


2 

i 
1 
i 

3 


3 

1 
3 

5S 


2 


Warsaw, N. Y., Union School 

Washburn College, Topeka, Kan . 

*Washmgton, D. C, High School 

* Washington Co., Vt., Grammar Sch., Montpelier 

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo 

*Watertown High School 

*Wellesley High School 

Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. . . . 

tWestern Reserve Academy, Hudson, 

*Westfield High School 


West Newton English and Classical School . . . 

White & Sykes, Franklin School, Cincinnati, 0. . 

Wilham Jewell College, Liberty, Mo 

fWilliam Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Williams College, Williamstown 

tWilliston Seminary, East Hampton 

Wilson and Kellogg, Private School, Ncav York . 

♦Winchester High School 

*Winsted, Conn., High School 

*Woburn High School 


3 

1 


*Woonsocket, R. I., High School 

tWorcester Academy 

♦Worcester High School 


1 
1 

1 

2 

48 


tWorcester Polytechnic Institute 

Yale College, New Haven, Conn 



















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